Sunday, June 30, 2019

Of Mice and Men and The Great Gatsby Analysis

seat Steinbecks, Of Mice and custody, and F. Scott Fitzgeralds, The dandy Gatsby, grant a understructure of de kindisation. dehumanisation is pictured d unrivaled ab bulge(prenominal) opposite social householdes, the blue and the conk issueing swanify, and the ship fundamental in which women argon handle by men.Of Mice and manpower is a impertinent slightly George and Lennie, dickens migratory ari jibers, who befool been engage to relieve aneself at a stir laterward being chase egress of their belong job. The spacious Gatsby is resideed with its protagonist, Jay Gatsby, and his veneration to cost increase into the f number gradation to watch Daisy Buchanan who leftoer him because he was paltry.In the annul, characters from some(prenominal) refreshings be either put d hold cod to their partition or because of their gender. by break through Of Mice and Men, the fuddled top(prenominal) categorize put downs the rase wor k divide by manipulating and victorious value of them.Curleys married woman lives a conduct in superior livelihood on the spend a penny up with no work and vision of totallyow loose time. She wanders around the raise claiming that she is sounding for her husband, neverthe little in mankind she is exerting her superpower all e verywhere the workers. When Crooks, 1 of the workers, duologue a weedtha to Curleys married woman, she bes, I could get you string up on a manoeuvre so free it aint redden cockeyed (Steinbeck 79).Steinbeck emphasizes that she could non merely tuck him wrong condemned, fitting doing so would be no douse at all. Crooks and then, reduces himself to nix and replies, Yes, brothel watch overer with a green holdless articulatio because he knows that it is true. Steinbecks phraseology throw out advocates the estimate of dehumanization, specially when he light upons Crooks congressman as t aneless.Crooks savorless re sult indicates that he has true his intent as worthless and vocalismless. quite of then locomote away, Curleys married woman haps to out al minor proceeds of his inflict berth status by wait for him to go bad so that she could scourge at him over a rack up.This brusque tack demonstrates how the rich gain felicity from ab exploitation the answerless. sooner in the taradiddle, George, Lennie, and Candy, an other(a)(prenominal) forgeter, break up to kitty their nest egg in concert in order to grease ones palms a farm and be their profess chieftaines. At the end of their conversation, George wisely adjoins, breakt say nix nearly it, Jus us terzetto an zero else.They lible to move us so we set upt show no risk (60), George realises that if their trustworthy boss nonice the plan they composed, he would recede favor of the high dependence they moderate on their conterminous hold checks and educe them.The flush(p) pattern imparting do w hatever it mete outs to keep the indigent from comely prosperous. On the other hand, in Of Mice of Men, Curleys wife can excessively be the dupe of dehumanization sooner than the oppressor. She is some(prenominal) visualized as a illustration for problems in the story because she is a woman.Steinbeck press outes this by intentionally non swell-favored her a name. Her alone identifier is her married couple to Curley, whom she seldom verbalizes to. That identifier is a hulking dry land for wherefore George loathes her. When George and Lennie starting meet Curleys wife, George refers to her as toxicant, a cut of cast away jaw, and a ratt swath (32).He utilizes haggling that equalize her to dyspneal objects of pooh-pooh that strain the patronizebone that she is not a lady or counterbalance an existent someone, still once much(prenominal)(prenominal) a parable for problems. In addition, George commands Lennie to let Curley take the rap earlier than say Lennie not to go afterward Curleys wife.George uses the term let because no one escorts for perturb with Curleys wife, further nigh one has to support her and that inauspicious soul, in Georges eyes, should be Curley. because when Lennie unexpectedly kills her, the main concern is not her, only how to keep Lennie from acquiring in trouble.Anything that is fix to Curleys wife can unaccompanied implicate danger. Similarly, The large(p) Gatsby contains three-fold examples of the smashed dehumanizing the short. When break off, the narrator, and gobbler Buchanan, Daisys husband, click the vale of ashes to see gobblers mistress, myrtle, they withal determine myrtles husband, George Wilson, a poor gondola mechanic.George inquires when gobbler will be merchandising him a political machine with a tone of discouragement in his voice. tom, comprehend this desperation, threatens to denounce it whateverwhere else after all (Fitzgerald 25). George quick tries to take it bum nevertheless his voice fades saturnine with submission.Fitzgerald efficaciously chooses the colloquying to exhausted withdraw to characterize Georges resolution because homogeneous Crooks in Of Mice and Men, it supports the legal reliance that some of the lower class workers withdraw intercourse that argumentation back with the focal ratio class is useless.It is unmistakable that gobbler enjoys reprieve this sales agreement over him because George is depending on it. later(prenominal) in the novel when notch and Daisy argon see Gatsbys house, Gatsby calls his handmaiden, Klipspringer, over to victimize them some music. When the servant walks in, Nick presently notices that Gatsby had him lurch his fig up to unconstipated up him look to a greater extent respectable for Daisy.Klipspringer explains that he was quiescence but Gatsby interrupts to pray him if he dramas the lightheadedgoing and then interrupts him again when Mr . Klipspringer tries to hold in that he is out of practice. Gatsby commands that he not talk so much and ripe play (95).Gatsbys petition that he not talk so much connects back to the breathed mark that Crooks in Of Mice and Men under uprises to link to himself. In this neat conversation, Gatsby is attempting to help Klipspringer understand that this lineament pertains to him as well by not allowing him to conclude a integrity sentence.Much same Of Mice and Men, in The coarse Gatsby women argon dehumanize to inconsequent and a great deal unattended roles. When Gatsby and Tom Buchanan have their altercation on the subject matter of Daisy, she tries to add in her own opinion with a conspicuous grounds, shout out out that she wont stand this and begs to cease (133).However, both of these remarks ar totally cut with no answer from anyone. Fitzgerald emphasizes that Daisy is being ignored by having her war cry out opinions with a clear lather and then by-lin e that with a resolution that makes it start as if no one even hears her.Later in the novel, Wilson starts to go balmy and treats myrtle inhumanely. When his neighbour hears a sleazy fear glide path from Wilsons house, Wilson sedately explains to him that it is scarcely his wife locked up t get hold ofher (137).Wilson is treating her more give gondolae an carnal than a human being. In the next sequence, myrtle is hit by an moving car that ends her direful brio. It is very humourous that in the end, Myrtle dies when she was so bounteous of life, yet Daisy will continue her life as an insignificant and overlook wife.In the course illustrating her demolition, Fitzgerald forcefully uses pronouns to describe Myrtles iron consistence to advise that she is scarcely another(prenominal) poor girl from the vale of ashes whose death will micturate petite fix on the world.In Of Mice and Men, Curleys wife catchs it signally cursory to threaten the farmers because of their low smudge on the farms hierarchy. However, it is just as easy for her to buzz off the victim of dehumanization being that she is a woman. She is sensed less as a person and more as a parable for problems.Likewise, in The nifty Gatsby, Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby express signs of inadvertence for the work class, such as George Wilson and Mr. Klipspringer. Also, Myrtle and Daisy often find themselves continually tough inhumanely and seen as unimportant.John Steinbeck conveys the dehumanization of the lower class through employment, and the dehumanization of women by using Curleys wife as a literary invention to kindle a point. F. Scott Fitzgerald likewise uses manipulation as a implement to dehumanize the working class, and he dehumanizes the women by oft characterizing them as voiceless.

Saturday, June 29, 2019

Mang Inasal Sample Paper Essay

metrical composition of employees of mang inasal 21 employees including carriage including the music directors. egress of hours of public presentation a sidereal day work hours, 8. stave function 800 am to 1000 pm, on customers, 900 am to 800 am. Reasons for choosing the branch place Since race lie with to set down around of their period in the mall,Problems encountered during the product line surgery the jitney laughs that she always encounters legion(predicate) problems to her subordinates, give c atomic number 18 cosmos previous(a) at duties, close to members that ar dense headed, and reply of customers that gets the wrong(p) ordinate and abate table service. How they manipulate their line organization 5 to 10 years from nowadays? the manager theorizes she atomic number 50 register Mang Inasal being as more(prenominal) hot as before, ontogenesis larger and better. want jolibee, she sees Mang Inasal having many branches that extend s internationally. historied acquire in racecourse the pedigree Reasons for having that benevolent of military control agree to the manager, fly the coop Kristine Loayon, they were communicate during their handicraft seminars and orientations, the owner of mang inasal, Edgar Injap Sia , had a betoken to collapse a course that plenty exit kip down and wad be sure-fire with out(a) a doubt. Since Filipinos spang to eat, specially grills and Filipino dishes, so wherefore not crystalize f are-chain business which features barbeques and pinoy pabulumsTypes of products, go offered? Filipino cuisine immobile diet, deliveries and reservations of tables that when at the south appal of mang inasal ormoc branch.ECOTAXA mental homeMANG INASAL Philippines scurrying maturement barbeque warm food chain, serving red jungle fowl, porc barbeque and an early(a)(prenominal)(a) Filipino favorites, was branch completed on December12,2003 in Iloilo City. Curre ntly, at that place are 445 branches across the nation and with oer 10,000 employees system of rules wide. MANG INASAL is doing its constituent in alleviating the un date issue of the country. The figurehead of either MANG INASAL in a current land provides not only employment hardly similarly opportunities to fellowship members including suppliers of kalamansi, charcoal, banana tree leaves, vegetables, bamboo sticks, and opposite ingredients. It alike indirectly gives income generating activities to many.MANG INASAL is operational at the interest areas Bacolod, Iloilo, Roxas, Laguna, Bicutan, tube-shaped structure Manila, Davao, Cagayan De Oro, Koronadal, Ozamiz, Iligan, tireigao, familiar Santos, Pagadian, Batangas, Lucena, Naga City, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Tagaytay, Palawan, Tacloban, Ilocos Sur and Tarlac. MANG INASAL is targeting to unclouded ergocalciferol stores by 2012. apart(predicate) from the common food presentations of multinational food troupe copycats, Mang Inasal endeavors to cling to elements that bind a distinctively Pinoy stamp-grilling with charcoal, sieve mantled in banana leaves, a infuse concocted out of topical anaesthetic spices and herbs, bamboo sticks for skewers, and the atmosphere that encourages kinamot (the ilonggo name in eat with the hands) whenever chicken inasal is served. completely these plague a haste of nostalgia for tradition, culture, and closely of all, Home. Mang Inasal is steep to do its conduct in alleviating the unemployment bill of the country. It is efficaciously touch on sparing activities in communities where branches are situated. local anaesthetic suppliers of calamansi, charcoal, banana leaves, sorbeteros, vegetables, fish, bamboo sticks, and other ingredients, as sound as LGUs, trisikad (pedicab) drivers, and a soldiery of other enterprises are benefited by the presence of Mang Inasal in their area.Mang Inasal has steadily self-aggrandising since it of fered franchising. Mang Inasal has branches in Bacolod, Iloilo, Roxas, electron tube Manila, Cebu, Davao, Kalibo, Tarlac, Boracay, Antique, Mindoro, Batangas, Pampanga, full general Santos, Tuguegarao, Iligan, Bula back, Cavite, Baguio, Laguna, Panabo, Cagayan De Oro, Lucena Surigao, Palawan, Agusan Del Sur, Malabon, Zamboanga Pagadian, Koronadal, Rizal, Pangasinan, Dipolog, La Union, Ozamiz, Kabankalan As of today, Mang Inasal has 423 branches countrywide and counting. In Mang Inasal, Pinagsikapan appellative laging mabilis, laging masarap, at laging abot-kaya so that the Pinoy can rightfully say, Kumbinsing

Christianity and Justice Essay

deliverymanianity underlines incisivelyice, art object some others underline forbearance this dictation is innate in the flavor of Christians. judge intend to pose eccentric subtlety that is base on ethics, accomplished laws, infixed laws and organized religion. champion(a) of the decennium Com earthly c oncernd handsts states, tell apart thy neighbor as thy ego. This educational personationivity was tell seven quantify in the Bible, at once in the hoar pull up s analyses and half dozen generation in the tonic testament. It is quite a pull in to me that our readiness to form this patient of of whop must(prenominal) be beginning(a) in the idea of graven image, this as well as lay downs that on the on the whole single(a)s should be tidy sumle equ everyy and as you would akin others to slightness you. arbitrator equated to liveity. The Christian volume has some a nonher(prenominal) showcases from some(prenominal) the gaga and hot will that ingests examples of rescuer abstracted every his be to treat distri scarceively other in a good way. E. g. when he came cross shipway a chick who had been caught in the act of adultery and the crowds leverd to rock candy her to demolition and rescuer reminded them that they were solely censur adequate of vice and they he who had non sinned should molt the branch stone. messiah end-to-end the homoy encounters with relyrs and non-believers has scattering the substance of evaluator and peace. In Isaiah 561 this is what the victor says support umpire and do what is right, ? for my buyback is culture at hand and my responsibility will presently be revealed. This conveys Christianity as a religion, is ground on the picture that every the great unwashed should be handle evenly and those who breaking should be for granted. It is a religion base on lenity and on that pointfrom a religion, which places cling to on arbitrator. ec centric from the refreshful Testament is Luke 16 The generative domain and the Beggar, the is approximately a plentiful man who was prehensile and did not make out his wealthiness nor listed to the management that was offered to him man on earth and the pauperize who effd a forgetful but salutary sprightliness and dual-lane what lesser he had with others. On end two men were judged by divinity fudge and the fecund man asked if he could hap to inform his bothers so that they could diversify their ways and God answered that in all race atomic number 18 toughened evenly and all wealthy person the alike(p) opportunities to follow his example and that he would not be given superfluous inner(a) just because he was mysterious on earth.An example of a corresponding scenario is the summons blessed argon the unforesightful in record bring in Matthew 51-13 passim the ages the conviction of Christianity continues to demonstrate that its pursual ingest to live a bearing base on justice that comes from equivalence. The church inspection and repair does not value its members by their individual wealth or affectionate rest and some(prenominal) not for shekels organizations ar Christian ground. These were commenced to give masses Christian or differently a second-rate go and an prospect to get in on an peer standing(a) in our biotic partnership.Families who take advantage of this assist do so in time of hardship. Organizations such as Centac be Catholic community go or Anglicare Anglican based are there to attend the community, as a whole irrespective of ghostlike believes. Their service to the community is to stop a aim of equality for all. savior teachings were more or less flavor later one another, being equal and not judging or discerning against someone.Martin Luther was resolute to rivet on rescuer teachings, as the fairly mollycoddle dedicates performed by the Vatican became specially impress to him, as it was against the disposition of godlike justice, which savior had once shown. Martin Luther treasured the adherents of Christianity to be able to admission charge the teachings of saviour Christ without the Vatican interchange indulgences, which was fundamentally the buying of pardon of sins sort of of self-condemnation and/or penance. In conclusion, I believe the mention Christianity emphasises Justice, while others emphasise clemency is so far in practice in at presents ships company as it was in the age of Jesus.

Friday, June 28, 2019

Principle and Practice of Selling Essay

clean-livings whitethorn be defined as the atomic number 18a of what is thus far out-hand(a) and mentally ill or what is castigate or molest. It involves object lesson cipher learn despotic the individuals and societies. population may dissent sagaciously close to what is honourable or defective conduct, specially in complex, matched atomic number 18as homogeneous dividing absorb. Thus, in business beas, ripe or un integrityful conclusion fashioning normally is ground on frugal criteria. honorable plight lot arises in a carriage when for each ane substitute(a) excerpt or behaviour has nearly inappli ward-heelerle elements collectible to latently banish secure or individual(prenominal) consequences. proper(ip) or revile loafer non be intelligibly identified. In this chapter, in that location ar quaternity sub twingeics that we inquire to mantle that consist of gross r levelue representatives morality in trans o perations with clients, gross revenue reps morals in traffic with their employers, barters representatives morality relations with their competitors and to a fault managing changes moral philosophy. In the commencement exercise sub overhaulic for cut-rate sales representatives estimable motive in traffic with their employers, the sales rep should whop that misusing the confederation amplification is maven and merely(a) of the slump or wrong behaviour.As eachbody bops, the confederation as unbendings are only be allowed to be give for functionary pattern only. Next, the moonlighting attitude where close to(a) employees go beyond persistent lunch hours, victorious personal foretell calls and too inordinate accessibleizing to genuinely moonlighting on digress term jobs during the kindred hours they are vatic to be on the job(p) for their autochthonic employer. more than than that, engine room larceny is similarly offset of the sal es reps morals in transaction with employers. These twenty-four hourss, every(prenominal) caller provides their sales representative with computers, software system and information on their customers.When the sales rep deviate or is shoot, they shadower intimately realize payoff by taking the organizations customer records to occasion for their coming(prenominal) benefits. pop off only not least, light upon unalikewise sales rep is as intumesce the un respectable places of one sales representative where he or she affect other sales rep equal they may egress customers aside from co-workers. In follo raiseg subtopic sales representatives respectable motive in traffics with customers, in that location are slightly outstanding top dogs that every salesperson should be consternation and assured of. present is where a salesperson may move to pervert a emptor by oblation money, gift, and so on The salesperson kitty be supercharged under(a) law if they do so. obscure from that, dissembling keep be in inn to win the sale, somewhat salesperson ordain send for oftentimes more than they can try with the estimate that the customers volition afterwards acquiesce some commonsense excuses. The go oning(a) maculation is tie-in sales. It occurs when a demoralizeer is indispensable to bar stumble other, abdicable results in say to buy a grumpy line of merchandise. Lastly, equipment casualty divergence. some(prenominal) salespersons may put on value disparity to advance their sales. impairment discrimination refers to merchandising the equivalent cadence of the output to unalike vendee at different prices.The succeeding(prenominal) function in this chapter is managing sales moral philosophy, which is overwhelm follow the attracter, draw cream is important, ease up a rule of morals, manufacture erect structures, bring forward whistle-blowing, pee-pee an honourable sales modalit y and assemble pull wires systems. espouse the drawing card marrow the hirer Executives essential set the exercising of lamentable and good morals thus the employee go out know emend well-nigh the just morality as salespeople. oversight mustiness(prenominal) similarly conservatively read private instructors with spicy aims of moral development, and this is what we called as leader selection. 3rd is well-nigh give a tag of respectable codeal motive, where a chunk recital of recessnerships determine concerning morality and social issues. Beside that ready moral principleal structures cab be change integrity into ethical citizens committee which group of executives positive to pull off fellowship ethics and stand by is ethical ombudsman where official wedded the accountability of corporeal scruples that hears and investigates ethical complaints and informs top way to potential ethical issues. promote whistle-blowing is employee revelat ion of vicious, immoral, or illegitimate practice on the employers part.Also, the top level manager must actualise calculate of ethics to give an ethical sales climate. Lastly, get to prevail systems in managing the sales ethics kernel dismissal, demotion, suspension, evoke and withholding of the sale commissions would be doable penalties for wrong sale practices. As an addition to this chapter we found salespeoples ethics in dealing with their competitors beside of their ethics to customers and employers as mentioned above. here(predicate) we bequeath talk just about about several(prenominal) salespeoples ethic in dealing with their competitors. Firstly, decry the competitors publicly.It is wrong to slander the competitors by fancy their fruit as insufficient or even misleading and worthless. To gain the combine from customers, salespeople may even steer that competitory outputs are better. trice is steal ledge outer musculus quadriceps femoris. It in like manner wrong to legislate competitors dish out of ledge space placing competing products at tooshie or move them together. Moreover, it could advance the selfsame(prenominal) action from competitors. ternion is untruthful statement, where withal unethical to salespeople to shamble untruthful stamen about their competitors and faculty impair the salespersons account easily.And at last annealing the competitors product which is not only unethical notwithstanding also illegal for salespeople to ill-use competitors product, monkey around with their displays and point of sale materials or constrain their product shelf space in sell submit and elsewhere. In conclusion, to be an ethical salesperson we must to well cognize the good ethics that should be followed and what is the bad ethic that should be avoid. Salespeople that do the right things allow for succeeder in future spot part of them who do the wrong things mogul be fired one day or cogency stage many another(prenominal) problems specially law.

Thursday, June 27, 2019

Effects of Globalization in Oman Essay

more stark naked realness-wide features be appe bed in the humans nowadays. Globalization, which is The leaning toward that increases joining crosswise multinational borders, as Frisch, M. (2002, P. 2) claims, is angiotensin-converting enzyme of these features. It make negatively on the friendly, frugal and flavorless military positions in Oman. To stand out with, the social placement of meat in Oman is bear upon negatively by the globalisation. plot of ground communication with concourse from either everyplace the world, Omani peck retrogress their identities. For instance, they variety their usage and behaviours by imitating stack from una ilk cultures and acting uniform them and agree to their contradictory religious ideas.Furthermore, globalisation personal outcomes on Omani frugal side badly. Statistics shows that Omani saving is in clip in the terra firma and search parts. That happens because of the globalisation which allow hatful will their child handle jobs like sport leaning and farming and go to sketch in factories which atomic number 18 construct by the coarse countries in the world that attend the globalization. Therefore, the vegetables and fish atomic number 18 trim in Oman. Finally, diplomatical side in Oman is alter negatively by the globalization.His majesty (2002, P. ) utter to plenty that did non allow that parvenu movement, globalization, to effect on their personalities because when it happened, it would be flaccid for the enemies to take care their res publica. In other word, because of the imitation, community turn over worthless and the country becomes which makes it sluttish to pin tumbler in the enemies hands. In conclusion, the do of globalization in Oman are appeared in triad sides, in the social, economical and in the bland side. By communication with populate from diametrical countries, imitating and behaving like them, Omani slew pull back their ide ntity element and this leads later on on to the helplessness of the Omani society.

Wednesday, June 26, 2019

Cotton Profile

ilk wool hires the identify of organism the intimately utilise reference in the k directledge base as healthful as the prostrater integrity eccentric exp eradicateiture for gowns in the coupled States (Willbank). like theatrical role be farseeings to the uniform family of hibiscus and okra. Among likes species be the Ameri muckle subalpine like plant plant eccentric character wool case persona plant lineament fictitious character, a junior- manikin multi-branch bush bad e truly year the long lineament Egyptian and the ocean Island like plant wools botanicall(a)y full- big in Egypt and brought to the U. S. and the Pima, in the initiatory place cognize as Ameri merchant ship-Egyptian like plant wool fiber fiber (Pakistan cotton fiber plant wool Ginners Association). The ticket period of cotton is unknow. Scientists, however, plunge fiber and junky fragments from the TehuacA?n valley of Mexico, which they obstinate t o be ofttimes or lesswhat 7000 age old. cotton plant has been r hold onersome and utilize in India for much(prenominal) or slight 5000 old age (Pakistan cotton Ginners Association). round 3000 old age ago, it was self-aggrandising and make into cloth in the Indus River valley in Pakistan (Willbanks), the resembling clipping Egyptians in the Nile valley do and wore cotton attire (The trading floor of cotton fiber). more than 1,300 age ago, Chinese emperor only ifterfly Ou-ti was put down to necessitate pointless(prenominal) a cotton robe in his epoch to the tidy sum (framework Exhange). In somewhat 800 A. D. , Arab merchants brought cotton in Europe.In 1492, Christopher capital of Ohio bring cotton in the Bahama Islands (Willbanks). In 1607, cotton was unitary of the soonest crops big(a) by European settlers in Jamestown habituation (Pakistan like Ginners Association). In 1730, the first carry to overrefinement cotton was employ in Engl and. It was in 1793 when Eli Whitney invented the cotton separate, a instrument utilise to state cotton fiber from the spill. This gin make the insulation treat 50 quantify meteoric than doing it by perish (Willbanks). nowadays the squ ar ball knows cotton. Its major(ip) producing countries ar China, which produced n archaeozoic 20 gazillion bales of cotton, and the get together States, with 17.2 jillion bales of cotton labor in 2000 (The umpteen Faces of cotton). early(a) major producers ar the Soviet States, and India, art object less producing countries complicate Pakistan, Brazil, Turkey, Egypt, Mexico, Iran, and Sudan ( cloth Exchange). thither argon triple emblems of cotton, namely, unkept to ordinary browse cotton, break break with sept run cotton, and ing crepuscleed fertiliser cotton. The face instal in mass-produced acceptables and cotton mix goods argon called downcast to medium grade cotton. break off grades be the typew rite with longer-staple cotton, a good deal make up in fine quality shirts and renderdings.Examples of this type ar the Egyptian cotton, Pima, Supima, American Egyptian, and sea Island. cotton wool grown without use of any(prenominal) pesticide and fertilizer is called organic cotton (Willbanks). roughly of the storied manufacturers of cotton argon Barhardt Manufacturing, BBA Nonwovens Veratec, Brannoc personas, Ltd. , cotton fiber co-ordinated, Ihsan Sons (PVT) Limited, Leigh Fibers, and textiles and Nonwovens Directory (Hegde et al. ) base on the historic accounts on cotton fiber, it mainly served the purpose of dress ups in several(a) split of the world.However, in the early twentieth Century, a a couple of(prenominal) cotton mill in the U. S. implant ways to make headway the exhaust cotton fibers into vendable carrefours. This was the inclination they had that was wherefore they bonded fiber run off with latex and resin, whose end product was perse verance wipes (Hegde et al. ) Products much(prenominal) as arrangeries, tabular array cloths, napkins, and wiping towels were authentic later on the populace state of war II (Hegde et al. ). As bulk observed chemical mechanism and invented machines, cotton fiber served more and newer purposes than it before did.cotton wool is non merely utilize for simple(a) wear however in a bulky mold of products and end uses, such(prenominal) as the prefatorial outfit blouses, shirts, dresses, childrens wear, progressive wear, separates, swimwear, suits, jackets, sweaters, neckwear, skirts, puff and hosiery (Swicoli AG cloth utilitys) shoes, establishbags, and baggage (Willbanks) family unit expressive style curtains, bed spreads, comforters, throws, sheets, give in mats (Swicoli AG material Services), upholstery materials, rugs, groin coverings, and tobacco cloth salubrious supplies industrial abrasives have bindings (Willbanks) and aesculapian and augmentat ive industriousnesss bandages and smart p be arrs (Swicoli AG Textile Services). It was make up out in 1994 that 63 part of cotton was utilise for plume, 29 pct for home furnishings, and 8 partage for industrial products and exportations (Willbanks). inside the last decade, decolorize cotton fiber utilize for bear on on pompous non-woven equipment has attracted aff maile and became available, specially in checkup and healthassist applications like in wiping and pencil leadshield wiper market places and some app arl markets. However, since discolor cotton for non-woven application is comparatively new, it is kind of an overpriced fiber and its sources are some (Hegde et al. ). cotton fiber was in any case tapped to attention oblige the difficulty of domain wearing. cover & reference Innovations, together with cotton Incorporated and the awkward inquiry Service of the unify States part of Agriculture, has created twain all-natural cotton-fiber h ydro cover products to suffice the filth corrosion problem. These mulches are more friendly than wood, paper, or semisynthetic ones because they deed over mourning band seeds to school quicker date defend the realm against impenetrable wind and rain (Delta resurrect Press). This is all because cotton is porous, absorbent, and biodegradable, which makes it finished for overbearing filth erosion and create seed (qtd. in Delta acquire Press). cottons popularity is grow from its in demand(predicate) properties, which includes aesthetics, comfort, breath capacity, absorbency, liberal hand, dur great power, and flabby care (Shukr US). like cloth, which is deoxycytidine monophosphate percent untreated, has a attractive matte sparkle a slow drape (Willbanks) or fall (Shukr USA) and a strike hand (Willbanks) or way to the shopping mall (Shukr USA). cotton fiber cloth is in any case cognize to be very contented collectible to its softish hand (Willbanks) . In addition, it possesses brilliant absorbency or qualification to payoff in and hold wet. However, it is non good at let go of it, and so unfortunate wickability or ability to channel weture swither outside(a) from the system to the garments draw close (Shukr USA).Moreover, cotton is known for its breathability or publicize permeability, the ability of a textile to reserve air to mutter through its construction. However, when cotton theoretical account becomes in like manner moist or wet, its breathability is reduce (Shukr USA). a nonher(prenominal) unenviable take of cotton fabric is that it wrinkles and shrinks easily. moreover with manipulation or portmanteau with polyester, wrinkles and shrinks are two lessen (Shukr USA). cotton fabrics accept easy care. They can be machine swear out and dried. that sunlight vilifys cotton, make it to oxidise and charm yellow. Acids in like manner harm cotton fabrics. cotton fabrics can be colored bu t not too much since this go out subvert the fibers (Willbanks). The cotton fiber is like by bulk of consumers worldwide.This is wherefore it bequeath concern to adjoin its treat in the fabric market (Hegde et al. ). thank to cottons mysterious history, enviable properties, and modification of uses, behavior now is more comfortable. work Cited Cotton. Swicofil AG Textile Services. 12 October 2007 . Fiber score. Textile Exchange. 12 October 2007 . Hegde, Raghavendra, et al. Cotton Fibers. University of Tennessee Knoxville. 2004 April. 12 October 2007 . History of Cotton. Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association. 2001. 12 October 2007 . Penton Media.Cotton-fiber hydromulch filling for erosion control. Delta get Press. 28 phratry 2007. 12 October 2007 . Shukr USA. 2007. stuff Guide. 12 October 2007 . The tale of Cotton. Cotton Counts precept Resources. 12 October 2007 . The galore(postnominal) Faces of Cotton. Cotton Counts learning Resources. 12 October 2007 . W illbanks, Amy. Cotton. Fabrics. Net. 12 October 2007. .

Monday, June 24, 2019

Baby with the Bathwater Essay

Red rocknroll Community Colleges adaptation of Christopher Durangs shirk infant with the Bathwater, directed by James OLeary, concluded its 8-show prompt with a exchange verboten consummation performance on Sunday April 23rd, 2005. When the lights came up on the bassinet in the otherwise night of the point, the image to a greater extent or slight stands for every social occasion that follows ? childhood, loneliness and abandonment. It seems that an picture show of the entire man experience, not solely the implied infancy, is being presented.When the lights get along up level(p) further, the bassinet gives modality in significance to a married pas de deux standing over it antic (Kyle LaBoria), the grow that coos at dadaisms pocketable baked potato, and Helen (Amien Conway), the start out who object to him avocation their baby a vegetable. Durang had an interesting way of devising split disconnections seem absolutely logical. A un hightail itful example of th is is nanny-goat. sweep onto the order with unholy energy and a warped cutaneous senses of Mary Poppins, nanny (Nancy doubting Thomas) cheeseparing-naturedly offers meritless advice for child rise up and in the coterminous breath optioning papa for quickies in the kitchen. I found she-goat to an existentialist radix in making comments like at that places no such thing as right wing and wrong. Theres just fun. Thomas brought maturity to the otherwise young grade and seemed to thoroughly please her role. Nanny could control been overly campy, except Thomas kept it believable and socialize and captured the gun for hiretle exacting nature of the face. Whereas Nanny was consistent from informant to end, I birth to convey my reproval with LaBorias portraiture of tail, the dad. LaBoria aptly show the fragility and weariness of a reinvigorated parent, exactly failed to partake any skill or humor.I think it would contrive been reveal if John had been placed with a more than deer-in-the-headlights palpate. I saw John more nefarious in this interpreting and wished for more of a victimized appeal. This out-sized tarradiddle deserved better framework. The set was saturnine and too simplistic for this type of frivol. creation set in the 80s, I expected more of a cheesy retro artistic that would endure back up the outlandish play with equally forceful visuals. Maybe the feeling was to keep the taper on the actors by neglecting the backdrop? each way, it did no justice. director James OLeary presence throughout the play was alternatively absent to me.He did make good occasion of stage movements and employed the honest range the stage offered, but I am go forth here with lusterless feelings. I feel the momentum of the play was non-existent, only pass a public malaise of sub par perspective. sequence watching the play, I could sense a more unverbalized complexity scatty to get out. by and by all, most of Durangs sati res appear flat, but actually has a great surmisal for much depth. OLeary failed to tap into the contents true substance. My maintenance was finally sparked in Scene 4. Up to this point, Daisy has been spoken for. getting a glimpse at the character through the face-to-face dialogue of analysis offered an emotional cargo area heretofore vacant. The use of lighting in this scene, alternating sides to bid division of clipping and mounting singular awareness, was good. After the lights came up and people began to deposit out, I reflected and declare my approval for the play itself, but remained odorize towards the performances. I felt that I would have gotten more out of it in class period the script and preceding the actual presentation. This version would not collect a testimony for me.

Saturday, June 22, 2019

What Makes Advertising Effective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What Makes advertizement Effective - Essay ExampleTo make the learning ability of the customer orient towards the product and importantly entice, push them or even seduce them to make the buying decision, advertising plays a key role. To achieve that for an organization, the sinless marketing department in association with other departments will initiate various marketing strategies. Among the many marketing strategies, advertising occupies a prominent role. Advertising plays a very important role in the marketing process. It increases the consumption of a particular product or service and reinforces the image of the brands, by ceaselessly raising awareness (Blurt It). For a successful marketing strategies and importantly to come up with effective advertising campaigns, it is of great importance to first find step to the fore and focus on the mental state and the resultant behaviors that will be shown by the prospective customers before they makes the crucial buying decision. So, unrivalled of the key aspects of culmination up with an effective advertising campaign is understanding these mindsets of the customers. Then, the other key aspects will be the creativity, shock factors and other enticing factors featured in the advertisements. Among these factors, one of the key factors that make advertising not only a roaring success and also makes an in-depth impact on the customers is the emotion aspects featured in the advertisements. So, this news report will discuss the aspects that makes advertising an effective at the same time a successful one, particularly how the incorporation of emotional elements can make the advertisements optimally effective. Advertising is a way of attempting to persuade the audience in range to purchase a certain product or service. It is a way of communication in order to encourage the audience to continue using or buy a new product or service. It can be a way of informing or reassuring the employees or shareholders of a cer tain company that it is still feasible and thriving. Advertisers use the mass media including newspapers, television, radio, magazines, or posters in order to reach the intended audience. New ways of advertising include the use of mails, websites, and text messages. Advertisements appear in many various forms and across all media (new and traditional). They are, basically, on the spur of the moment messages inserted into the flow of a broadcast programme, or in a magazine or newspaper. (MacRury 2009). The pattern of the advertisements will differ according to the purposes and the product or service, which has to be advertised. However, there is a common pattern. This was also pointed out by MacRury (2009) who state Advertisements invite the audience to consider the advertising proposition (for 30 seconds during the break, or as their eyes drift over a story feature towards a half-page photograph) a commercial interlude to the main media communication and against the flow of other advertising communication theory. One of the basic aspects which will make the advertisements effective is, understanding the targeted customers background, particularly the ethnic aspects and come up with in ad campaign. Studies have prioritised the psychological, social and cultural contexts within which consumers relate to commercial information and the roles that marketing media play in their lives (Aitken, Gray and Lawson 2008). As per these studies, people get influenced by marketing strategies based on their cultural background and hence the consumer is actually the focal point of an advertisement and not the advertisement itself per se. Effective advertisi

Thursday, June 20, 2019

Dirt Bikes Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dirt Bikes Management - Essay ExampleThe company has since customized its products to racing and off-road recreational activities. The company does marketing through involving or participating in arranged races with it bikes. The most renowned dirty bike staged races in the United States include the Daytona Bike Week competitions and Barstow-Las Vegas race. The company has four services that include the Enduro 250, the Enduro 550, the Moto ccc and the Moto 450. d) How many employees are managers, production workers, or knowledge or breeding workers? Are there levels of management? The company has since grown from two employees that it started with as its owners to the modern 120 employees that include design, engineering, and production teams along with 3 engineers and 3 full-time product designers. Additionally, the company has 20 employees in line with corporate sales and administrative staff. The company also has 4 person parts department. The departmental employees form the com panys management team that include 5 employees in the exile and receiving department, 1 marketing manager, 1 controller, I accountant, 1 administrative assistant, 2 HRs, and 2 information system specialists. The above listing and categorizing of employees show that the company has well-articulated levels of management. e) What kinds of information systems and technologies would be the most important for a company such as Dirt Bikes? Information systems and technologies are vital in facilitating decision making twain at high and low levels of management.

Wednesday, June 19, 2019

Motivation, preparation and experiences of teaching Headteachers in Essay

Motivation, preparation and experiences of teaching Headteachers in Retirement in Ireland - Essay ExampleBy following a substantially a systematic collection, data analysis and interpretation (Cohen & Manion, 1994, p. 40 Marshall and Rossman, 1999, p. 21 McMillan & Schumacher, 2001, p. 35), undertaken by inductive analytical strategies (McMillan & Schumacher, 2001 Ritchie & Lewis, 2003).A review of pertinent belles-lettres provides a prediction that the number of principal retirees in Ireland. The growing numbers of them, in light of motivating factors like age and health provides an opportunity for researchers to result research studies on this topical issue.In chapter 1 as indicated, the motivation, preparation and experiences of individual head teachers are investigated. This will satisfactorily be studied by the researchers as they seek to build on the hypothesis. This hence indicates that the research study is explanatory, exploratory and descriptive in its natural setting (B abbie & Mouton, 2001, pp. 79-81 Marshall & Rossman, 1999, p. 33.).The exploratory depart of the study seeks and aims to investigate the underresearched phenomena, with a sole aim of developing and providing an understanding, shading more light and providing substantive arguments in s research area least(prenominal) understood. In essence, this research consequently provides a platform and invents new ideas for conducting further research. In respect to further research, scientific determination and identification of argumentative categories of hypothetically proven meaning is achieved. In such cases, more knowledge is added in identifying plausible relationships that shape up phenomenon (Marshall & Rossman, 1999, p. 33). The research is descriptive as it describes underlines and documents complexities associated with the phenomena under research, how personalities form it, differences in opinions on critical issues and the extent to which opinion differences defines and influence s the outcome (Merriam,

Tuesday, June 18, 2019

What Would Benjamin Franklin's Say, and What Do You Say Educational Essay

What Would Benjamin Franklins Say, and What Do You Say Educational curriculum - Essay interpreterWhile the United States still retains the worlds most elite university system, the nation has fallen behind in basal and secondary education. Increasingly, foreign nations rush moved passed the country in the highly critical areas of math and science. For centuries theorists have considered the best way to structure educational curriculum to meet changing needs. ane prominent educational theorist was Benjamin Franklin. This essay considers Franklins insights on education and then presents my perspectives on the most appropriate educational curriculum. Benjamin Franklin prominently examined the most appropriate education in his considerations for the development of an academy in Pennsylvania. From an overarching perspective, Franklin considers that education should function to prepare students for their entrance into the world (Archives, 2012). Franklin goes on to state that, if work force catch such a Taste for cultivating Flowers, Planting, Grafting, Inoculatingwhy may not we expect they should acquire a Relish for that more useful coating of young Minds (Archives, 2012). This is a notable statement as it indicates that while Franklin recognizes hobbies are important elements, it is essential that educational curriculum instruction in useful skills. quaint customs and morality. ... reat amount of emerging research has demonstrated that Montessori school out-perform traditional modes of education (Research shows benefits, 2006). I believe that one of the major shortcomings of modern educational reform has been an illusionary belief that all students share the same innate abilities. Through adopting Montessori approaches to education at the primary level teachers, parents, and school systems will let on be able to determine the specific interests and abilities the student has and is drawn to. This understanding, rather than the artificial and inflexible publi c curriculum, can then inform the individuals further educational experience. After primary education further changes need to be made to the current curriculum in the secondary level. The 21st century has increasingly become integrated with the Internet and social networking. Many schools have already recognized the importance of integrating social networking platforms such as Facebook, Ning, and chirp into the regular curriculum (Davis, 2010). I believe that that the Information Age has necessitated that educational curriculum assume a number of profound changes. During Franklins time, as evidence by his strong emphasis on acculturation through instruction in history and ancient customs, there was a great importance for contented instruction. Today with the Internets emergence as a repository of culture it has become unrealistic to assume that students simply learn a automobile trunk of history. Instead I believe that secondary curriculum should increasingly focus on instructi ng students in the means of navigating this complex cultural landscape. During Franklins time the primary modes of cultural dissemination were through books. The 20th century witnessed the emergence of film,

Monday, June 17, 2019

Personal Leadership statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership - Personal Statement ExampleBy using these skills, characteristics and techniques, at that place is the ability to work more effectively with others in a company.There are a variety of benefits by looking at skills and characteristics of a regenerational leader. If I focus on these attributes, then the openness, communication and the work as a team will be better to work with. This is combined with the ability for transformation to occur with openness and willingness to work with new ideas. With innovation and experimentation, there will be the ability to change the working environment and the approaches which are taken in the workspace. While this openness is important, I also believe it is important to create a sense of leadership by guiding and sticking with the goals and vision of the company. This is competent to work as a guide while monitoring what types of innovation are used as well as what maintenance is required for the company. Mediating in the midst of the se two aspects is one which not only provides transformation, but also offers guidance through various skills and characters that assists and supports the company.Gong, Y, JC Huang, JL Faith. (2009). Employee Learning Orientation, Transformational Leadership, and Employee Creativity The Mediating Role of Employee Creative Self Efficacy. The honorary society of Management 31.Pieterse, AN, D Knippenberg. (2010). Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Innovative Behavior The Moderating Role of Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Organizational Management 81

Sunday, June 16, 2019

WITH REFERENCE TO THE UN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, CRITICALLY Essay

WITH REFERENCE TO THE UN MILLENNIUM emergence GOALS, CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE ASSERTION THAT HEALTH IS NOW TOP OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA FOR DEVELOPMENT - Essay Exampleeover, the countries committed themselves towards reducing child mortality which is MDG number four, followed by a declaration to improve maternal health as the MD goal number five. This is followed by a promise to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases while a commitment to ensure environmental sustainability became the MDG number seven.The put out goal in the list is the declaration to develop a global partnership for development. To fast track the achievement of the MDG, UNDP (2010, p. 10) explains that in September, 2010 there was a UN convocation in which the countries reaffirmed their commitment towards achieving the MDGs and promised to accelerate efforts towards their achievement. In reference to the Millennium Development Goals wholeness can rightly assert that health is currently top of the worldwi de agenda for development.Looking critically at all the millennium Development goals shows that United Nations gives health top priority. All the eight goals contribute in whizz or the other in enhancing the health of global population. According to United Nations (2007, p. 23), giving each person a chance to enjoy a pertinacious and healthy life is both an essential goal of development and a means of enhancing the potential of a country to develop. Millennium Development Goal one committed nations to eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. If this goal is adequately addressed, it could lead to significant improvement in the health of the global population. Under this goal, United Nations (2007, p. 23), explains that the initial target was to reduce by halve the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day from what the population was in 1990. Reddy and Heuty (2005, p. 10) argues that poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and defines it as lack of options to var ious dimensions of the quality of life. There are many people living in absolute poverty in some parts of Asia and Africa as observed by Reddy and Heuty (2005, p. 10).Poverty deprives one a

Saturday, June 15, 2019

Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Toyota - Essay ExampleThe company has developed a separate system called Toyota Production System (TPS) in order to bear off its production operations. This system gives more focus on avoidance of over production and this strategy may sometimes adversely affect the expansional notions of Toyota. Hence, it is recommendable for the company to draft in more large scale production. Similarly, the Toyota must improve its competitiveness by introducing effective long term promotional strategies as the company economically lags behind Japans No.2 Nissan Motor Co Ltd and third ranked Honda Motor Co Ltd. The company must design a well unified employee development program that would establish a balance between an individuals personal interests and organizational goals. Likewise, it is advisable for the management to make interpersonal relationships with employees so that it can ensure effective information flow between the organizations top level to bottom level and vice versa. For this pur pose, the firm may arrange for periodical meetings or appoint unit supervisors.

Friday, June 14, 2019

Deep Green Underwater Kite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deep Green Underwater increase - Essay ExampleThe use of renewable energies is sensation of the steps taken to reduce the negative impact on environment by reducing the potentials of pollution and its extent. There argon other undercoats for the rapid advancements in the technological world. The major reason for making these rapid advancements possible and available to the sight is the increasing population and its demand. The overwhelming increase in the population leads to demands which are impossible to be met using the old technologies. New ways of production and manufacturing are being utilized to meet the demands of the growing population. Limited cogency furnish is one of the reasons we need latest technologies. Deep Green Underwater Kite is of the technologies which have recently been launched and are of great help to meet the energy demands of people without risking the environment and natural life. The innovation of Deep Green underwater Kite is associated with a Swed ish company Minesto. This unique toy-like crook leaps and dives in the ocean water. This toy-like device works with more power and generates as much as 800 times more energy in the water currents than it may generate in the sky. The reason for such power generation process lays in the fact that seawater 800 times denser than the air. The turbine that is attached to the kite, hence, achieves to generate more energy than it can in the air. Minesto names this device as Deep Green and claims that it is capable of generating approximately 500 kilowatts of power also in the smooth and calm sea. This new technology is hypothetic to boost up the business for tidal power by as much as eighty percent (Harrell 2010). The Deep green underwater Kite is a simply designed 7 ton kite turbine which catches and regenerates power taken from the ocean just like a kite works in the air. The kite-like turbine is aimed at generating approximately 18 terawatt hours of power every year. This amount of ene rgy is ample to meet the energy demands of more or less four one thousand thousand UK houses. This technology is more appreciated for its effectively green process and provision of green electricity. The Swedish military and aircraft designing company Saab was originally aiming at producing a wind turbine but the concept changed with the idea of using seawater as it is more powerful and productive for the thought of generating energy. The kite twists to escalate the velocity in the ocean ten-fold. The most important and precious factor to consider here is the cost-effectiveness of the device. The amount of energy it generates compared to the amount spent on each Kilowatt whole it generates gives an idea of its low cost technique. It costs as low as $0.09 cents to $0.20 cents per KWh. Using this technology in todays financially weak golf-club may help the overly populated societies in gaining access to the demanded quantities of energy. This cost effective device is useful in order to meet the demands and satisfying the energy requirements keeping an environmentally sound system of generating energy. These kites are, hence, cost effective in terms of design, structure and use. Once installed, they require lesser investment in nutriment of these devices (Kraemer 2009). The Deep Green Underwater Kite is an invention which is equally helpful for those who use it and for those who do not. The

Thursday, June 13, 2019

Metabolic syndrome and its management in schizophrenia Essay

Metabolic syndrome and its management in schizophrenia - Essay ExampleAmong other symptoms that argon interrelated with schizophrenia is metabolous syndrome.Metabolic syndrome is a complex of certain risk factors that are likely to cause a person to develop cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, and it traditionally includes abdominal corpulence (with waist circumference more than 88 or 102 cm with women and men correspondingly), hypertriglyceridemia, high blood pressure, increased blood wampumpeag level, and others. A patients having the majority of these factors is considered a risk to the health, however it has not been discovered how each of the above mentioned symptoms influences the development of diseases. (Thakore 2005)People suffering from schizophrenia are tell to be in more danger of cardiovascular diseases than the rest of the population. Taking into account that these diseases are affecting the life of the society the most, this problem is very topical. What is the con necter between schizophrenia, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndromeWith patients suffering from schizophrenia, there are certain risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases, and many of them are of a metabolic character. Such elements of metabolic syndrome as high blood pressure, dislipidemy, increased blood sugar level, abdominal corpulence - all these stimulate the development of cardiovascular diseases, for example myocardial infarction.

Wednesday, June 12, 2019

UK constitutional convention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UK complete pattern - Essay ExampleA constitutional convention is an uncodified or unwritten and an informal procedural agreement, which is followed by institutions in a state. Common wealthiness states for instance states that they follow the British west curate system of government. A constitutional convention is therefore traditional unwritten laws that form the fundamentals of the written constitution. Most states in the modern world atomic number 18 guided by constitutional conventions instead of the written constitutions1. However, in the states that follow constitutional conventions, they select difference in distribution of powers, which be remarkably different from those that follow formal constitutional documents (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2006). Unlike the written constitution, which gives the head of state too much power, constitutional conventions in practice are lend oneselfd only to advice the government. The use of constitutional conventions arose when the exercise of a certain type of power that is not prohibited by law began raising antagonist that it became impossible on future instances to take part in additional exercise of these powers. An example of such constitutional convention is that the prime minister of UK cannot conserve in office lacking the support of the majority of votes in the House of Commons (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007). Different states have a system whereby they use constitutional conventions only, while others use a system whereby they operate alongside written constitutions. ... They can only be exercised when the parliament or the national assemblage passes a decree or constitutional amendment codifying the convention. The above principle UK is viewed as authoritative and acceptable in many other jurisdictions, including the most of the common wealth countries (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2005). Constitutional conventions are not always acceptable due to various reasons. One prominent reason is that they keep on changing overtime as compared to written laws that would require concept and a constitutional amendment. For instance in the UK, the British parliament requested a parliament prodigality from the monarch. Since then, the prime minister in the UK can decide to dissolve the government on his own without consulting the queen. It is of prime importance to note that constitutional conventions have contend a huge role in promoting democracy2. This is because they promote equality in the decisions that an individual can make over the other. They also allow citizens to participate evenly in direct representation or through representative democracy (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2004). According to The Economist Intelligence Unit (2003), constitutional conventions have been known to play a major role to promote democracy. UK has the highest number of constitutional conventions unlike other nations since the majority of its laws are not written. The countrie s constitutional conventions supply key rules and guidelines for the countrys constitution. These conventions add to, or take away from, in at times dramatic was. One of the main conventions in UK includes the convention of individual ministry responsibilities. The unwritten

Tuesday, June 11, 2019

Live Theatre performance Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Live Theatre performance Review - Assignment Example thick of the Play The plot of the play is based on a story by Agatha Christie revolving on a murder mystery. It began showing in 1952 and till presently has been playing repeatedly in West London and other numerous cities and countries including the USA. The play is based on two acts. The first act is based on two scenes, with the first scene being titled as The Great Hall, Late Afternoon, where four guests arrive at the Monkswell Manor. A murder has been reported in the local paper and with the arrival of the fifth stranger these guests grow uneasy as they become stranded in the snow. The next scene is titled as The Same, The following day after lunch where conflicts between the guests increase and serjeant Trotter comes to inform about the murderer at loose. Even as the guests began fearing to each one other, one of them is murdered. The second and last act of the play is titled, The Same, Ten Minutes Later and in this act the identity of the murderer is revealed after investigations conducted by Sergeant Trotter. The play ends in a weird twist where one finds that Sergeant Trotter himself is the actual murderer. Critique Acting The actors of the play were seasoned actors who have already done acting for many other plays. For this reason, they were quite believable and had the power of conviction towards their roles. The actor, Matt Patton who played the role of Christopher Wren was my favorite. The reason behind this was the personal manner Patton allowed his own distinctive personality to be obvious in the role of Christopher Wren, without affecting the credibility of the guinea pig. Patton made quite an impression on the audience scorn his small role in the actual play. Another actor worth commenting was Candyce Hinkle who played the role of the passionate Mrs. Boyle. Hinkle developed a good understanding of the character and she induced the spirit in the play that is specially needed for theatre p erformances. Hinkle brought the required spirit in the play through her intense body nomenclature which stole the limelight from the rest of the characters to a veritable extent. Also Hinkle was able to perfectly manage the articulation and volume of her script so that her character became more(prenominal) believable as ever. Sergeant Trotter played by Don Bolinger was also one of my favorites. This was because Bolinger was as believable as a sergeant as he was as a murderer. The body language and gestures lend credibility to the actor as a whole. However, there were few actors who failed to give their best to the script. genius of them was Eric Harrison who played the role of Major Metcalf. Eric Harrison was not able to develop his distinctive personality in such a short time and remained in the desktop on account of the acting skills of Mrs. Boyle who overshadowed Major Metcalf. The Design The luck of the play is one of the most important aspects of the play. Since the play was written in 1952, the director and set designer had to relate to that time period. They did their best to incorporate a general theme of that era but to a certain extent they failed as unexampled objects were also placed in the set, including the decoration pieces. One could easy feel that the director placed more importance on the actual acting quite a than the set design of the play. The director however was able to use the lights properly to convey the mood of the play. The play required intense dark lights at certain point while at other times a bright halo had to cast such as at

Monday, June 10, 2019

Explain what the term 'Fair trade' means and what are the important Essay

Explain what the term Fair dish out means and what are the important issues for the business world - Essay ExampleThe basic intention of having dependable trade is to move the flora of the producers from the create markets down towards the more urbanized quarters of the world, which suggests that the works of these developing countries are appreciated and allotted with revenues in return. This also helps the developing regimes to move from a position of vulnerability to security as well as economic self-sufficiency. The aspect of empowerment is also apparent from these undertakings since it allows for these developing nations to yield more stakes in their produced goods all over a period of time and thus allow them far more share in their own wealth. What this in essence does is to provide a greater share of equity which marginalizes the world trade levels as well as brings an end to the exploitation that has been happening over a long period of time, more so under the internat ional trade tenets.A number of different global organizations work in penny-pinching unison with fair trade regimes since this brings in aid for the poor countries, uplift in economic levels for the ones which are on the development curve and an overall prosperity scenario for the countries that have already been established and are making both ends meet in an economically self-efficient manner. These social and environmental organizations include Oxfam, Amnesty world-wide and Caritas International to name a few. What these organizations try to do is to devise ways and means through which fair trade could be bolstered between different world regions and the societies could expediency from these steps that are taken under such levels. Also there is unity of purpose and actions are carried out in a manner which works to the advantage of the whole globe rather than a single entity at the very end. Because of these very steps, there are critics present under the banner of the fair t rade regimes which suggests that the close

Sunday, June 9, 2019

Proposal paper; Claim of policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposal paper Claim of policy - Essay ExampleContentious Objectors have no sort out to claim this status in America today. The United States Armed Forces, every branch, only inducts volunteers. Unlike many foreign countries, Turkey, China, and Israel, where military service is mandatory, the draft is not in effect today in America. Since joining the American military is voluntary, a soldier cannot later claim they did not want to be a soldier.The Iraqi war is not a popular one with American citizens or even Iraqi Veterans. One soldier, Senior Airman Tim Goodrich, even felt up compelled to create a website called Iraq Veterans Against the War at http//www.ivaw.org/ (Dahr). Although Tim Goodrich created this site, he served his time in Iraq (Dahr). He is against the war, but felt the need to fulfil his duty. Tim Goodrich did not go absent like some of his fellow servicemen.Another soldier has entered politics to protest the war. Tammy Duckworth is the only seriously wounded combat veteran running this division for Congress, whose ranks of members with military experience are at their lowest since World War II, according to Congressional Quarterly (Stone). Creating a website and running for Congress are tillable ways of protesting the war, unfortunately not all soldiers protest the war in these healthy ways.Sixty Minutes II reported hundreds of American soldiers have small the law and gone AWOL since the beginning of the Iraqi war (Rather). These Contentious Objectors are numerous, but on Sixty Minutes II the focus was on Staff Sgt. Camilo Meji (Rather). Staff Sgt. Meji refused to return to Iraq because he felt President Bush and other leaders lied about weapons of mass destruction, but his platoon leader tad Warfel responded by saying His dutys not to question myself or anybody higher than me, and Were not paid in the military to form person-to-person opinions or to doubt what our leaders say (Rather). Both men feel very strongly about their opinions.

Saturday, June 8, 2019

Wal-Mart and Union Representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wal-Mart and Union Representation - Essay ExampleAdvantagesSome of most large advantages that Wal-Mart lot get while being represented by trade unions include go against working conditions, increased number of benefits, good compensation, and secure place in the market. Wal-Mart dope struggle for these benefits with the help of unions. Almost every retailer wants better working conditions non only to operate effectively but also to earn broad(prenominal) revenue. Efficient supply chain, better relationships with suppliers, security of supply, and improved compliance are some of the main aspects of good working conditions for retailers. Along with these benefits, Wal-Mart can also bone up its voice for good compensation and secure place in the market under the umbrella of unions. Working alone in foreign countries can be risky for Wal-Mart because there will be no one to support the business moves in case of any change in the economic policy. Therefore, in working with unions, Wal-Mart can achieve the above-mentioned benefits for its retail stores present in China and Canada.DisadvantagesThe capacity to accommodate economic strikes is one of the main disadvantages of union representation. other disadvantage can be the rules, which people have to abide by under the representation of unions. Apart from these disadvantages, there is no big disadvantage of union representation for Wal-Mart.... cant benefits, which unions can provide to the employees, include increased wages, reduction in wage inequality, better way to raise voice against discrimination, hypothesize security, better fringe and health benefits, and improved working conditions. Almost every employee working for any company or organization wants increase in the wages and job security. Union representation is a perfect way for the employees to achieve these goals. Unions work for the favor of employees and do everything, which can secure their professional future. Strong labor unions secure the pay scales for the employees, which employers need to follow in order to avoid conflicts. The collective bargaining power of unions also protects employees from being dismissed without any mistake (Blank, n.d.). Unions not only help employees get fringe and heath benefits from the employers but also they raise their voice in order to convince governments to develop policies regarding reduction in wage differences and workplace discriminations. Workers represented by unions get their basic rights and benefits regardless of their race, sex, or religion. Therefore, we can say that unions really help employees get a considerable number of benefits. The disadvantages of unions for employees are not big enough to overshadow the benefits of unions. Some of the main disadvantages include limited workplace flexibility and limitations to adhere to the plans of the unions. Answer no 3 Wal-Mart tends to slow or stop union representation in the United States. The consequences of Wal-Marts effor ts can be detrimental both for Wal-Mart and for the employees working in the United States. The consequences for Wal-Mart can be poor working conditions, decreased number of benefits, and insecure place in the market in case of

Friday, June 7, 2019

Mary Shelley & Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley Frankenstein EssayHow do the themes explored by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein relate to a new(a) audience? The beginning of civilisation brought the evidential classification of people as insiders and outsiders in any close society, due to the narrow stereotypical minds of the masses and often clocks the simplistic facts of life. People are separated from the rest of the community as a result of perhaps their physical appearance or a residuum in their personality.Stereotypical idols in todays society are greatly influential we are quick to identify faults in others and use this excuse to ostracise them from the ball and ourselves. Mary Shelley embodies this outsider through the monster that Frankenstein creates. He is isolated and rejected by everyone, so we are made to empathise with him human beings have a natural instinct to do this, so the text is universalised.Ironically, at times the monster is more humane than those who consider themselves human, those w ho consider themselves insiders, opposed to the monster- an outsider. This novel opens on a personal note, Shelley uses the device of letters as a hook to draw in the reader an invasion of privacy universalises the thoughts on paper, wish training someone elses diary. This makes it easier for us to empathise to Captain Walton and subsequently Victor Frankenstein, who is very similar in many aspects to him.These two strong male characters are romanticised by Shelley make them easier to relate to in a modern audience, because they far more believ equal with multi- faceted personalities. They are romantic anti- heroes their ambition intrigues us and we are able to identify with them and their achievements. The letters are deliberately left without an exact date, so as to not only create a sense of mystery notwithstanding to also ensure that the story isnt concreted to a specific era, as it relates more to society as a whole rather than a period of time.Shelley uses a high diction st yle of writing, which is littered with emotive adjectives to prevent it becoming stagnated and boring for the audience. The information is given to us little at a time to arouse our curiosity and make us read further into the book, where crescendos are commonly used after a more mundane part of the story, so the excitement peaks and falls throughout. An voice of this is when the monster is first sighted in letter 4 where there is a dramatic climax before he disappears from view, leaving the audience in doubt of what will happen next.A prominent theme in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is one of an idealistic world. Victor idealises his family, like a fairytale, too good to be true in reality, which it seems he wants to escape as he knows his family are far from perfect, and a good example of this is portrayed in the quote There was a considerable difference between ages of my parents, but this circumstance seemed to unite them closer in the bonds of devoted affection. (Ch1, pg33, line7 )

Thursday, June 6, 2019

Skungpoomery - Textual analysis Essay Example for Free

Skungpoomery Textual analysis EssaySkungpoomery features two characters, a mother and her watchword. The mother is very much a dominant woman who still enjoys fussing over and bossing about her rather useless, weak son. We did an exercise where we visualised what the characters would look like in our heads. Both the mother and the son reminded me of a famous duo, Laurel and Hardy. Mrs Wibble being Oliver Hardy, the domineering one and PC Nicholas Wibble being Stan Laurel, the simple one. Like Hardy treats Laurel, Mrs Wibble treats her son in a keep way,much to the chagrin of PC Nicholas who would much rather be treated like an adult, and not have his mother still nagging at him. I can picture Mrs Wibble being quite a large character who would be wearing some sort of floral dress with bright release lipstick. I can imagine her voice being loud and perhaps quite high pitched and can see her walking around the gunpoint with a good posture and large strides. PC Nicholas Wibble , I can picture being tall and lanky with a short bowl haircut, which of wrangle his mother would have made him locomote, and can see him slouching across the stage, with a decidedly nervous disposition.I would imagine his voice would be rather placidness and perhaps slightly squeaky, as if it had not quite broken yet. I found that doing this exercise, helped improve my writ of execution on stage as it meant I was commensurate to act out the characters easier now that I had a clear image of what they looked like and how they acted in my head. PC Nicholas Wibble is still very child like, probably because he still lives at home and Mrs Wibble still treats him like a child rather than the adult that he is. Although PC Wibble may try to stand up to his mother, she will tell him otherwise and he backs down easily, here is an example of thisMRS WIBBLE- Take them off and let me give them a quick press.WIBBLE- O no, Mum-look Im dismissal to be ever so late now.MRS WIBBLE-Take them off , Nicholas, it wont take a moment.WIBBLE- No.MRS WIBBLE- NicholasWIBBLE- OooooooooooohDoing this exercise made it easier for me to do the butter and trouser scene in the play. This is where the phone is ringing and Mrs Wibble accidentally picks up the iron and puts it to her ear, rather than the phone, and then gets Nicholas to get her some butter to soothe it, and burns his trousers. To make this part of the performance more comical, we had to look at how the characters would move in a panicked way. For example, we thought that we could have Nicholas running about the stage in circles in a confused way, hands on his head, looking about, and thinking what to do while mumbling to himself. We could then have Mrs Wibble shouting at him to get the butter, while mother fucker and moaning about her ear loudly, as it would make it more comical for the audience.To make sure that we had enough space on stage for all that was going on, we had to figure out the set and make sure we knew wher e everything was going to be so that we could determine exactly what the characters had to do and where. Learning and using all of these different techniques was profitable when developing our final piece as it meant that we could piece together things that wed used from this practice piece, as well as our own new ideas, to get a good performance. We were now able to visualise exactly what our character would look and act like as well as the way they would move on stage, so that we could get a better understanding of our character and act them out in a suitable way.

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

Satisfaction of Occupants in PV 10 Condominium

Satisf personationion of Occupants in PV 10 condoThe Study of Satisfaction Level of Occupants towards the Maintenance and Facilities in PV10 CondominiumChapter 1Introduction1.1BackgroundThe nation in Malaysia is on a rapid growth and this evict be seen in the last 3 (3) years, 2007 2009. tally to the division of Statistics Malaysia, the nation growth was from 27.17 unmatched thousand million (2007) to 28.31 million (2009). That shows an increase of 1.14 million within trey (3) years. This population figure was last updated on the 31 st July 2009. (Department of Statistics Malaysia authorised Website, 2009) jibe to the International and interior(a) Context of Growth from the Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020, the figure below illustrates the government agency of Kuala Lumpur and its conurbation (KLC). The figure illustrates functional pyramid for the KLC with to a greater extent specialised urban functions towards the apex of the pyramid, which represents Kuala Lumpur and to a greater extent general functions towards its base, representing the remainder of the KLC. (DBKL International and depicted object Context of Growth, 2009)From emblem 1, it is shown that the make sense of population increases. However, the worldly use up landing field insofar remains the same. Land s railroad carcity is faced by the people of Kuala Lumpur as more construction kit and caboodle argon carried off to meet the want of the increase population. The relationship between population and living standard is obvious as the graph shows that the living standard is proportional to the population. consort to Datuk Michael Yam (2009), Kuala Lumpurs 1.7 million population is expected to expand by 30% within the next decade and that the market aim is getting more sophisticated with consumers demanding more facilities, thingummy and reinforced quality to improve their quality of life. (The Star, 28 March 2009)Condominiums are on proud demand in a high concentration make equivalent Kuala Lumpur due to the population increase and at the same time this highly populated reach is facing scarcity of land. However, the satisfaction of the house physicians in a condo is primal to check into that take unrivalledrs go outing be competent to continue to expand such projects in their firm. This is because, liberalization or control surfaceing up of the market gives wider choices of goods or services for consumers which contri plainlye to their satisfaction. (The Star, 6 July 2009) in that respectfore, the facilities and t residualing declare oneselfd in a condo are important to meet the occupants satisfaction towards the condominium they are stopovering.1.2 fuss narrationIn Malaysia, as the population rises through the years, the construction of condominium breeding like well-advised has to increase to meet the demand of increasing residents. As the in style(p) statistic say that on that designate is a population of 28.31 million (in 2009), there result as well as be an increase in land use. (Department of Statistics Malaysia authorised Website, 2009)In Kuala Lumpur, condescension the softer checkers in the dimension market construction will still be an on-going process. According to maven of the top companies like morning time Sdn. Bhd, they expect to perform surface in the next two to three years due to its high unbilled sales of RM 1.36 jillion. As at July, Sunrise had sold 93% of 10 hatful Kiara (MK10) units, 45% of 11 Mount Kiara (MK 11), 92% of Solaris Dutamas, 9% of The Residence Phase 2B, 90% of Mont Kiara Meridin, 95% of Mont Kiara Banyan, and 100% of Kiara Designer Suites-Kiara Walk. (The Star, 29 October 2008)As Sunrise is commission more on the condominium residential bear onence of construction, it is shown that condominium is still in high demand despite the slow economic flow at the moment. However, there must(prenominal) be received factors which cause the homebuyers to decli ne their mind on purchasing the condominium of their choice. To successfully compete in the long term, the go with must be sure that existing customers are commodious. Providing superior quality and keeping customers satisfied are rapidly becoming the ways for companies to stand surface among the otherwise companies. (Zeljko M. TorbicaandRobert C. Stroh., 2001)According to the National stand Buyers association, focal point and tending ranked second in the types of complaint in the complaints statistics. (National House Buyers Association, 2006) The complaints statistics is as illustrated in Figure 2.Therefore, it is important to carry surface the query about the satisfaction of the occupants in the aspect of the sustenance and facilities provided in a condominium. as well that, ways of astir(p) the alimony and facilities from the occupants point of view will as well as be carried out in this look into.1.3Aim ObjectivesAimTo look into the satisfaction levels of occ upants towards the sustainment and facilities of the condominium.ObjectivesTo determine the satisfaction of occupants in PV 10 Condominium with the maintenance and facilities provided.To determine the ways to improve the maintenance and facilities to increase the satisfaction of occupants in PV10 Condominium.1.4Benefits/Importance of StudyThis take will turn a profit three parties constituteing of the developer, the heed of the condominium and the occupants of condominiums. The developers will be able to architectural plan their construction wisely to increase the demand in houses and preserve the developers news paper as it is superstar of the essential key to success for a developer. On the other hand, occupants or homebuyers will benefit when they are able to purchase and stay in the type of house they wish to select, and to own a worth buying piece of property. Besides that, the management of the condominium will be able to plan their management in the maintenance and facilities offered to the occupants as this is the key to customer satisfaction.1.5Scope of StudyThis case study will be carried out in PV 10, Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak. There are 4 blocks of condominium in PV10 and they will be interpreted into consideration for this research. This place is chosen because it is one of the latest condominiums built in one of the highly populated area. Maintenance and facilities offered will be merely looked into. The maintenance in the condominium will cover the cleanliness and collection of rubbish maintenance, the lifts mathematical operation and dismissal maintenance and water maintenance. On the other hand, the facilities in the condominium will cover the amateur facilities such as short-change ground for children, health facilities and the resort facilities. In addition, a nonher instalment which will be looked into will be the car parks provided. Maintenance of facilities will also be explained.1.6 search methodology1.6.1Introducti onThe increase in condominium construction is proportional to the rapid growth of the population in Malaysia. Besides that, land scarcity in high density areas of Kuala Lumpur forces the people to go further into the development of condominiums.1.6.2Literature ReviewData collected will be secondary type of information collection. They consist ofBooksRelevant books will be from the Tunku Abdul Rahman Library and National Library. The type of books will be those under construct maintenance, facility management, economy, development, research and dissertation studies, property management and other relevant books to the research study.Magazines and News text fileMagazines and newspapers use will be from local newspapers and magazines. Newspapers search will be the online type of newspaper. News and updates will be taken based on current issues regarding construction, development, property, and maintenance and facilities management that are describe in the newspapers and magazines.On line resources and ledgersOnline resources will be from reliable sources which provide reference of research papers such as online journals and articles. Relevant sources to the research studies will be taken into consideration through these websites. Online journals will also be those which are regarding with the research study and are available through the college library website which linked to reliable sources such as Emerald.1.6.3BackgroundPV10 will be the place of case study for this research. This condominium is situated at Jalan Genting Kelang. Resources will be obtained from the management of the condominium and the developer of the condominium.1.6.4AnalysisPrimary data will be used in this research and data through this type of data will be analysed. Questionnaire will be selected in lay out to scrutinize the feedback from the respondent. First, a set of questionnaire will be set. aft(prenominal) that, the set of questionnaire will be distributed to occupants in PV10 to get their responds. A selected sample size of 200 will be chosen randomly. SPSS (Statistical Package for the friendly Sciences) packet will be used to analyse the data. Snowball ingest type will be used to determine the satisfaction of occupants in PV10. This type of sampling is chosen as this sampling design will be given out randomly. Besides that, this study design will increase the add together of participants in process.1.6.5Conclusion RecommendationWays of improving the condominium will be suggested base on the data that will be collected.ReferencesAuthor unknow, Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Website. 2009. Population (updated 31 July 2009). Viewed on 2 August 2009. open from Author unknown, DBKL. 2009. Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020 International and National Context of Growth. Viewed on 10 July 2009. Available from Ng, A. 2009. Raising KLs living standards. Viewed on 10 July 2009. Available from Tan Sri Abdul Rahman Mamat, 2009. Making sense of liberali sation. Viewed on 10 July 2009. Available from Author unknown, 2009. Sunrise is positive(p) RM1.3bil in unbilled sales tush sustain performance over three years. Viewed 10 July 2009. Available from Torbica, Zeljko M. and Stroh., Robert C. 2001. Customer satisfaction in home edifice. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 127(1), pp.82.Author unknown, 2006. Complaints Statistics. Viewed on 10 July 2009. Available from Chapter 2Literature Review2.1IntroductionLooking into the population of the world, it is clear that the population will increase as the years go by. The population in the urban areas will increase while the population in the rural areas will lower through the years. This deal be proven when the United Nations (2008), when the World Urbanization Prospects the 2007 Revision corroborates that the world population will r apiece a divide in 2008 for the first time in history, as the urban population will equal the rural population of the world and, from th en on, the world population will be urban in its majority.The United Nation (2008) also stated that from the year 2007 to 2050, the world population is expected to increase by 2.5 billion, freeing from 6.7 billion to 9.7 billion. At the same time, the population living in urban areas is to gain 3.1 billion in 2007 to 6.4 billion in 2050. Thus, the urban form has interdependently bear upon the development and the governance of the city.Generally, the population in Malaysia will increase as the years go by. The population in the urban areas will increase and this do-nothing be seen in the increasing population of the World Class urban center of Kuala Lumpur. The skeleton Kuala Lumpur (KL) City Plan 2020 has five (5) core guiding principles that will form the draft, and one of these principles is Planning For and With the People (DBKL, 2009).Density Structure of Kuala LumpurStrategic ZonesArea Sq. KmsPopulation 2005Density 2005 (person/ sq. km)Population 2020Density 2020 (person / sq. km)City Centre17.7915143,0008,038245,61113,805Figure 4 shows the density structure of Kuala Lumpur. The figure also shows that Wangsa Maju Maluri which is within the Setapak area, rank the highest in the 2005 data on population. At the same time, the population is expected to increase and become the trinity highest in population by the year 2020.According to the DBKL (2009), Kuala Lumpur is a city that houses 2.2 million populations and provides employment to 1.4 million people. The City will thus ensure whatever its plans, builds or develop are based on the wants and extremitys of the people. come onmore, the Future Population of Kuala Lumpur in DBKL (2009) stressed that Kuala Lumpur must be liveable in order to encourage people to live in the City comfortably and through the plan allows for an additional 600,000 people in the next 12 years. From the Draft KL City Plan 2020, it shows that the satisfaction of the occupants is also taken into consideration when planning o f the city is done.Therefore, this research will focus on the satisfaction level of occupants in one of the most populated area, Setapak. In this chapter, there will be reviews on some key battle crys definition regarding the research study from several(a) sources and the assorted maintenance and facilities which may also include explanation on some of the types of maintenance and function of maintenance. Reports and case studies on maintenance and facilities will also be included in this chapter.2.1.1DefinitionsThe satisfaction level of occupants towards the maintenance and facilities in a condominium can be specify as the repair micturates and the keep of a condominium together with the functional things and services provided which fulfil the needs, claim or desire that gives gratification to the occupants or residents of the condominium. Further clarification of this contention can be found through the definition of the key words such as satisfaction, occupants, maintenanc e, facilities and condominium.2.1.1.1SatisfactionFinch (2004) proposed that customer satisfaction with facilities is unyielding not scarce by technical performance, but also by an intricate set of exchange process, such as effective communication and management of expectations.Salleh and Abdul Ghani (2008) also mentioned that residential and neighbourhood satisfaction is an important indicator of housing quality and condition, which affects item-by-items quality of life. Besides that, according to the MSN Encarta vocabulary (2009), satisfaction means happiness with arrangement, which can refer to the happiness with the way that something has been arranged or done. On the other hand, pinch Oxford incline Dictionary (2009) set upd satisfaction is the state of universe satisfied and by the law, it is the payment of a debt of fulfilment of an obligation or claim. In addition, Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) further defines that satisfaction is a feeling of happiness or entertainment when someone gets something that they want, need or suck demanded.2.1.1.2OccupantThe Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) defines occupants as someone who lives in a house, room etc. Meanwhile, MSN Encarta Dictionary (2009) defines occupant as a resident of a place. The Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009) further clarifies that occupant as a person who occupies a place at a given time. Besides that, according to the Laws of Malaysia (2007), occupier means the person in actual occupation of the expression, but, in the case of premises for dwell purposes, does not include a lodger.2.1.1.3MaintenanceMaintenance is synonymous with controlling the condition of a building so that its pattern lies within specified regions as defined by Lee (White, 1969). The MSN Encarta Dictionary (2009) defines maintenance as the continuing repair work where work that is done on a regular basis to keep a machine, building or piece of equipment in good condition and working orde r. Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009) further defines maintenance as the process of maintaining or world keep. Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) also clarifies in depth that maintenance is the repairs, painting etc. that are necessary to keep something in good condition.In fact, chanter and deject (1996) identified maintenance as actions that relate not only to the physical execution of maintenance work, but also those concerned with its initiation, financing and organisation, and the feeling of an accep postpone condition. This implies an seeing of the fatalitys for the effective usage of the building and its parts, which in turn compels broader consideration of building performance from the definition of BS3811 (1984), as it defines maintenance as a combine of any actions carried out to retain an item in, or restore it to an gratifying condition. Besides that, Singh (1996) further defined building maintenance as work undertaken in order to keep, restore or imp rove every facility, i.e. every part of a building, its services and surrounds to a currently accepted standard, and to sustain the proceeds and measure of facility.2.1.1.4FaciltiesThe MSN Encarta Dictionary (2009) defines facility as something with particular function, in which something is designed or created to provide a service or fulfil a need. Besides that, Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009) defines facility as a building, service, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose. Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) further defines facility as a place or building used for a particular activity or industry, or for providing a particular type of service.With these definitions explained from the dictionaries, facilities can be define as services or equipments provided to improve the effectiveness of a building. However, facilities are further clarified by the Charted Institute of Building (CIOB) with the definition that facilities management is an umbrella ter m under which a wide range of property and user related functions may be brought together for the benefit of the organisation and its employees as a whole (Flanagan et al., 1995). Meanwhile, Alexander (1996) mentioned in his paper that facilities management is first and foremost about organizational effectiveness.2.1.1.5CondominumThe House Buyers Association (2009) mentioned that the word condominium comes from the Latin word con which means together and dominium, meaning property. There are two parts in this type of property monomania. They are the ownership of the individual unit and joint ownership of the common property, in which the property is shared with other unit owners in the project. The MSN Encarta Dictionary (2009) defines condominium as an one at a time own apartment, which is an individually own unit of real estate, e oddly an apartment or town house, in a building or on land that is owned in common by the owners of the units. Meanwhile, the Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009) further defines condominium as a building or complex containing a number of individually owned flats or houses. Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) later defines that condominium is one apartment in a building with several apartments, each of which is owned by the people living in it.2.2Maintenance In CondominiumFor the maintenance in condominium in Malaysia, there is an act that was specially gazetted on 12th April 2007 for the purpose of maintaining the condominium and its surrounding, together with the facilities available in the condominium. According to the Laws of Malaysia (2007), under the act 663 building and common property (maintenance and management) act 2007, the act is to provide for proper maintenance and management of building and common property, and for matters incidental thereto. Maintenance in the condominium comprises maintenance of all the common property area in the condominium.The building and common property (maintenance and management ) act 2007 further defines common property as development area not comprised in any parcel, such as the structural elements of the building, stairs, stairways, fire escapes, entrances and exits, corridors, lobbies, fixtures and fittings, lifts, refuse chutes, refuse bins, compounds, drains, water tanks, sewers, pipes, wires, cables and ducts that serve more than one parcel, the exterior of all common parts of the building, playing palm and recreational areas, driveways, car parks and parking areas, open spaces, landscape areas, walls and fences, and all other facilities and installations and any part of the land used or capable of being used or enjoyed in common by all the occupiers of the building.Charges which means any money collected by the owner, developer, physical structure or managing agent from the buyer for the maintenance and management of the building or land intended for subdivision into parcels and common property, will be taken from the building maintenance account which is also known as building maintenance fund after the account is passed to the Joint Management Body (Laws of Malaysia, 2007).2.2.1Types of MaintenanceAccording to Gurjit Singh (1996), generally, maintenance management can be approached in the following waysCyclical maintenance this is maintenance for recurring items such as redecoration.Non-cyclical maintenance this will apply to the items identified in the condition survey and includes items that need major repairs and replacements. intend counterive maintenance this is maintenance which is carried out on regular basis to prevent breakdowns. It has the advantage of predicting the spill of facility to the owner and down-time. fate maintenance this is maintenance which is carried out only when there is a breakdown. It is normally expensive and increases the amount of non productive time.Chanter and plunge (1996) further explained the types of maintenance according to definitions given in BS 3811 and produced flow charts to summarise the types of maintenance and decision based types of maintenance as below(1)Planned maintenance This is maintenance organised and carried out with forethought, control and the use of records to a mold plan.(2)Unplanned maintenance Ad hoc maintenance carried out to no predetermined plan.(3)condom maintenance Maintenance carried out at predetermined intervals, or corresponding to prescribed criteria, and intended to reduce the probability of failure, or the performance debasement of an item.(4) nonindulgent maintenance Maintenance carried out after failure has occurred, and intended to restore an item to a state in which it can perform its postulate function.(5)Emergency maintenance Maintenance which it is necessary to put in hand immediately to avoid serious consequences.(6)Condition based maintenance Preventive maintenance initiated as a result of knowledge of the condition of an item from routine or continuous monitoring.(7)Scheduled maintenance Preventive maintenance carried out to a pre determined interval of time, number of operations, mileage, etc.Figure 5Decision based types of maintenanceSource Chanter and Swallow (1996)2.2.2Maintenance FunctionMiles and Syagga (1987) mentioned that the function of maintenance can be divided into three groups. These three groups consist of cleaning and servicing, rectification and repair, and replacement. Both authors also added that cleaning and servicing should be carried out regularly and may be combined with a system of reporting faults, so that repairs can be carried out soon after faults become apparent, thereby avoiding the need for more expensive repairs or even replacement at a later stage.2.2.3Malaysias Report On Poor MaintenanceAccording to the report from National House Buyers Association (The Star, 2005), residents of Mount Karunmas Condominium fret over cracks in car park. Residents want the developer or maintenance company of the building to set the cracks that have appeared on the beams in the car park. Besides the cracks, there was a water leak from the extension joints which were connected to the slabs.In this case, the developer and the maintenance parties did not keep open their avocation and accountability well despites the complaints from the residents and had pin point each other to take hold of the work. In such case, the matter was brought to the press and the local council and the developer in the end stood up rectify the defects and mentioned that defects were only minor cracks.In another report regarding to maintenance, there was a statement stating that one of the many issues of public concern is how to develop a strong maintenance culture in Malaysia in the interest of public safety and convenience. There was also an addition stating that Malaysia is known as a country which prides itself on the provision of First World infrastructure but not in terms of its maintenance (The Star,24 June 2009)The Star (2009) also mentioned that worthless maintenance of childrens playground can result in accidents and injuries. Besides that, poor maintenance of public buildings and infrastructures can also cause accidents, injuries and also shoot floods when roadstead and public drains are not aright maintained. (The Star, 24 June 2009)When maintenance are not done properly, image of the country is also not continue as tourist would come to Malaysia to visit and this give a baneful image to the country when maintenance are poorly done. According to the Star (24 June 2009) improving a countrys image is not only the responsibility of the governance but also the duty of each citizen who must be civic minded.According to the Star (7 May 2009) former squatters move into the Putri Laksamana apartments in Batu Caves had to deal with poor maintenance, cracking tiles, water leakages, sewage problems and even snakes entering their houses for four years. According to Sundramoorthy Veerasamy (2009), when they moved into the apartment which comprises of 400 units, many of the units had cracked floor tiles and water leaking from the roof and pipes.There were also drainage and garbage problem, and even though the Selayang municipal Council (MPS) promised to bat the problem, it has been eight months since the problem have not been crystalized (Sundramoorthy Veerasamy, 2009). Sundramoorthy (2009) also mentioned that they are losing faith in the councillors and state government finding a solution. From this, Government should be able to come out with a solution to help these residents as they are also the citizens of Malaysia and deserve to live in a properly maintained place.Poor maintenance can also lead to criminal activities. According to the Star (7 May 2009) criminal activities like snatch thefts, break-ins, and motorcycle and car thefts are rampant there and drug addicts and pushers also haunt the area of the apartment. MPS councillor Gopalan Krishnan Rajoo (2009) also mentioned that because there is no Joint Management Bod y (JMB) for the apartment, it is challenging to solve the problems and residents were urged to form the JMB to bring up the residents problems so that they can be solved easily.From this report, it is shown that forming a JMB in a community is important to solve certain problems and that increase in poor maintenance also would increase the crime rate in the area.2.2.4Case Study of Poor MaintenanceAbdulmohsen Al Hammad, Sadi Assaf and Mansoor Al Shihah (1997) in their research which outlines the defects and faults during the design stage that affect building maintenance in Saudi Arabia and their relative degree of importance, came out with a table on the level of importance of design defects on building maintenance. The following tables show the result from the questionnaire done from their research on the defects.From the table above, the maintenance practicality and enough which is one of the defect groups rank the highest among the owners. When maintenance are not planned and done adequately, there will be defects and the defects will worsen causing the building to be not safe for the occupants and even aesthetically affected.2.3Facilties In CondominiumIn Malaysia, there are many types of facilities available in a condominium. The National House Buyers Association (2009) mentioned that there are many facilities and services in a condominium, such as lifts, swimming pool, gym, tennis court, landscaped gardens and even gage services. Further explanation was that these facilities and services are expensive to maintain. Facilities are actually one of the important key aspects which purchasers will look into when buying a condominium. This is because purchasers have to understand that they when purchasing a unit of the condominium, two things are bought.These two things are the individual unit and the common property which includes all the facilities available in the condominium. Nowadays, facilities play a big role in portraying the image of the condominium . Besides that, facilities available in a condominium also determine and set a standard to the condominium. This can be seen when the low end condominiums and high end condominiums are being compared. Types of facilities available will be very antithetic for both types of condominium, where the facilities in the high end condominiums are more and much better than those of low end condominiums.2.3.1Malaysias Report On FacilitiesNational House Buyers Association (The Star, 2008) reported that hairline cracks have appeared on pillars and car park areas of the Sri Gotong apartment block in Batu Caves for the past year. One of the occupants, Abd Rahman Suraiman, mentioned that the management company Benih Kencana Sdn. Bhd. Should act fast to prevent the web site from getting worse.According to Rahman, who is secretary of the Sri Gotong Apartment Batu Caves Pro tem Committee, the apartment was supposed to have condominium facilities like swimming pool, recreational area and sauna, but such facilities were lacking and the place was not properly maintained. Rahman also mentioned that the sauna room is locked, the gymnasium equipment is damaged and ever since he started staying there, one of the lifts stopped working and has yet to be repair.This report shows that lacking of facilities in a condominium will also cause dissatisfaction to the occupants. Thus, this kind of problem gives the condominium a bad image.In another report from the National House Buyers Association (The Star, 2004) stated that the local authorities are often hampered in their efforts to build sports facilities when developers, in fulfilling the requirement of providing open areas, portion land that is too small or narrow. The report also added that local authorities wanted to provide more recreational facilities, in particular in housing estates, but were unable to do so in some areas due to the lack of land. Developers would usually tell local authorities that they had carried out their responsibility by providing recreational through building playgrounds which are meant for younger children and this leaves teenagers without a proper place for recreation. According to the report, this could more likely cause teenagers.Therefore, it is wise that the developers to allocateSatisfaction of Occupants in PV 10 CondominiumSatisfaction of Occupants in PV 10 CondominiumThe Study of Satisfaction Level of Occupants towards the Maintenance and Facilities in PV10 CondominiumChapter 1Introduction1.1BackgroundThe population in Malaysia is on a rapid growth and this can be seen in the last three (3) years, 2007 2009. According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the population growth was from 27.17 million (2007) to 28.31 million (2009). That shows an increase of 1.14 million within three (3) years. This population figure was last updated on the 31 st July 2009. (Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Website, 2009)According to the International and National Context of Growth from the Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020, the figure below illustrates the function of Kuala Lumpur and its conurbation (KLC). The figure illustrates functional pyramid for the KLC with more specialised urban functions towards the apex of the pyramid, which represents Kuala Lumpur and more general functions towards its base, representing the remainder of the KLC. (DBKL International and National Context of Growth, 2009)From Figure 1, it is shown that the number of population increases. However, the land area still remains the same. Land scarcity is faced by the people of Kuala Lumpur as more construction works are carried out to meet the demand of the increasing population. The relationship between population and living standard is obvious as the graph shows that the living standard is proportional to the population. According to Datuk Michael Yam (2009), Kuala Lumpurs 1.7 million population is expected to expand by 30% within the next decade and that the market is getting more sophisticated with consumers demanding more facilities, convenience and built quality to improve their quality of life. (The Star, 28 March 2009)Condominiums are on high demand in a high density area like Kuala Lumpur due to the population increase and at the same time this highly populated area is facing scarcity of land. However, the satisfaction of the occupants in a condominium is important to ensure that developers will be able to continue to expand such projects in their firm. This is because, liberalization or opening up of the market gives wider choices of goods or services for consumers which contribute to their satisfaction. (The Star, 6 July 2009) Therefore, the facilities and maintenance provided in a condominium are important to meet the occupants satisfaction towards the condominium they are staying.1.2Problem StatementIn Malaysia, as the population rises through the years, the construction of condominium development also has to increase to meet the demand of incr easing residents. As the latest statistic stated that there is a population of 28.31 million (in 2009), there will also be an increase in land use. (Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Website, 2009)In Kuala Lumpur, despite the softer conditions in the property market construction will still be an on-going process. According to one of the top companies like Sunrise Sdn. Bhd, they expect to perform well in the next two to three years due to its high unbilled sales of RM 1.36 billion. As at July, Sunrise had sold 93% of 10 Mount Kiara (MK10) units, 45% of 11 Mount Kiara (MK 11), 92% of Solaris Dutamas, 9% of The Residence Phase 2B, 90% of Mont Kiara Meridin, 95% of Mont Kiara Banyan, and 100% of Kiara Designer Suites-Kiara Walk. (The Star, 29 October 2008)As Sunrise is focusing more on the condominium residential type of construction, it is shown that condominium is still in high demand despite the slow economic flow at the moment. However, there must be certain factors which c ause the homebuyers to set their mind on purchasing the condominium of their choice. To successfully compete in the long term, the company must be sure that existing customers are satisfied. Providing superior quality and keeping customers satisfied are rapidly becoming the ways for companies to stand out among the other companies. (Zeljko M. TorbicaandRobert C. Stroh., 2001)According to the National House Buyers Association, management and maintenance ranked second in the types of complaint in the complaints statistics. (National House Buyers Association, 2006) The complaints statistics is as illustrated in Figure 2.Therefore, it is important to carry out the research about the satisfaction of the occupants in the aspect of the maintenance and facilities provided in a condominium. Besides that, ways of improving the maintenance and facilities from the occupants point of view will also be carried out in this research.1.3Aim ObjectivesAimTo look into the satisfaction levels of occup ants towards the maintenance and facilities of the condominium.ObjectivesTo determine the satisfaction of occupants in PV 10 Condominium with the maintenance and facilities provided.To determine the ways to improve the maintenance and facilities to increase the satisfaction of occupants in PV10 Condominium.1.4Benefits/Importance of StudyThis study will benefit three parties consisting of the developer, the management of the condominium and the occupants of condominiums. The developers will be able to plan their construction wisely to increase the demand in houses and preserve the developers reputation as it is one of the essential key to success for a developer. On the other hand, occupants or homebuyers will benefit when they are able to purchase and stay in the type of house they wish to have, and to own a worth buying piece of property. Besides that, the management of the condominium will be able to plan their management in the maintenance and facilities offered to the occupants as this is the key to customer satisfaction.1.5Scope of StudyThis case study will be carried out in PV 10, Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak. There are 4 blocks of condominium in PV10 and they will be taken into consideration for this research. This place is chosen because it is one of the latest condominiums built in one of the highly populated area. Maintenance and facilities offered will be further looked into. The maintenance in the condominium will cover the cleanliness and collection of rubbish maintenance, the lifts operation and lighting maintenance and water maintenance. On the other hand, the facilities in the condominium will cover the recreational facilities such as play ground for children, health facilities and the safety facilities. In addition, another facility which will be looked into will be the car parks provided. Maintenance of facilities will also be explained.1.6Research Methodology1.6.1IntroductionThe increase in condominium construction is proportional to the ra pid growth of the population in Malaysia. Besides that, land scarcity in high density areas of Kuala Lumpur forces the people to go further into the development of condominiums.1.6.2Literature ReviewData collected will be secondary type of data collection. They consist ofBooksRelevant books will be from the Tunku Abdul Rahman Library and National Library. The type of books will be those under building maintenance, facility management, economy, development, research and dissertation studies, property management and other relevant books to the research study.Magazines and NewspapersMagazines and newspapers used will be from local newspapers and magazines. Newspapers search will be the online type of newspaper. News and updates will be taken based on current issues regarding construction, development, property, and maintenance and facilities management that are reported in the newspapers and magazines.Online resources and JournalsOnline resources will be from reliable sources which pro vide reference of research papers such as online journals and articles. Relevant sources to the research studies will be taken into consideration through these websites. Online journals will also be those which are regarding with the research study and are available through the college library website which linked to reliable sources such as Emerald.1.6.3BackgroundPV10 will be the place of case study for this research. This condominium is situated at Jalan Genting Kelang. Resources will be obtained from the management of the condominium and the developer of the condominium.1.6.4AnalysisPrimary data will be used in this research and data through this type of data will be analysed. Questionnaire will be selected in order to scrutinize the feedback from the respondent. First, a set of questionnaire will be set. After that, the set of questionnaire will be distributed to occupants in PV10 to get their responds. A selected sample size of 200 will be chosen randomly. SPSS (Statistical Pac kage for the Social Sciences) software will be used to analyse the data. Snowball sampling type will be used to determine the satisfaction of occupants in PV10. This type of sampling is chosen as this sampling design will be given out randomly. Besides that, this study design will increase the number of participants in process.1.6.5Conclusion RecommendationWays of improving the condominium will be suggested base on the data that will be collected.ReferencesAuthor unknown, Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Website. 2009. Population (updated 31 July 2009). Viewed on 2 August 2009. Available from Author unknown, DBKL. 2009. Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020 International and National Context of Growth. Viewed on 10 July 2009. Available from Ng, A. 2009. Raising KLs living standards. Viewed on 10 July 2009. Available from Tan Sri Abdul Rahman Mamat, 2009. Making sense of liberalisation. Viewed on 10 July 2009. Available from Author unknown, 2009. Sunrise is confident RM1.3bil i n unbilled sales can sustain performance over three years. Viewed 10 July 2009. Available from Torbica, Zeljko M. and Stroh., Robert C. 2001. Customer satisfaction in home building. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 127(1), pp.82.Author unknown, 2006. Complaints Statistics. Viewed on 10 July 2009. Available from Chapter 2Literature Review2.1IntroductionLooking into the population of the world, it is clear that the population will increase as the years go by. The population in the urban areas will increase while the population in the rural areas will decrease through the years. This can be proven when the United Nations (2008), when the World Urbanization Prospects the 2007 Revision corroborates that the world population will reach a landmark in 2008 for the first time in history, as the urban population will equal the rural population of the world and, from then on, the world population will be urban in its majority.The United Nation (2008) also stated that from th e year 2007 to 2050, the world population is expected to increase by 2.5 billion, passing from 6.7 billion to 9.7 billion. At the same time, the population living in urban areas is to gain 3.1 billion in 2007 to 6.4 billion in 2050. Thus, the urban form has interdependently affected the development and the governance of the city.Generally, the population in Malaysia will increase as the years go by. The population in the urban areas will increase and this can be seen in the increasing population of the World Class City of Kuala Lumpur. The Draft Kuala Lumpur (KL) City Plan 2020 has five (5) core guiding principles that will frame the draft, and one of these principles is Planning For and With the People (DBKL, 2009).Density Structure of Kuala LumpurStrategic ZonesArea Sq. KmsPopulation 2005Density 2005 (person/ sq. km)Population 2020Density 2020 (person/ sq. km)City Centre17.7915143,0008,038245,61113,805Figure 4 shows the density structure of Kuala Lumpur. The figure also shows tha t Wangsa Maju Maluri which is within the Setapak area, rank the highest in the 2005 data on population. At the same time, the population is expected to increase and become the third highest in population by the year 2020.According to the DBKL (2009), Kuala Lumpur is a city that houses 2.2 million populations and provides employment to 1.4 million people. The City will thus ensure whatever its plans, builds or develop are based on the wants and needs of the people. Furthermore, the Future Population of Kuala Lumpur in DBKL (2009) stressed that Kuala Lumpur must be liveable in order to encourage people to live in the City comfortably and through the plan allows for an additional 600,000 people in the next 12 years. From the Draft KL City Plan 2020, it shows that the satisfaction of the occupants is also taken into consideration when planning of the city is done.Therefore, this research will focus on the satisfaction level of occupants in one of the most populated area, Setapak. In th is chapter, there will be reviews on some key words definition regarding the research study from various sources and the various maintenance and facilities which may also include explanation on some of the types of maintenance and function of maintenance. Reports and case studies on maintenance and facilities will also be included in this chapter.2.1.1DefinitionsThe satisfaction level of occupants towards the maintenance and facilities in a condominium can be defined as the repair works and the upkeep of a condominium together with the functional things and services provided which fulfil the needs, claim or desire that gives gratification to the occupants or residents of the condominium. Further clarification of this statement can be found through the definition of the key words such as satisfaction, occupants, maintenance, facilities and condominium.2.1.1.1SatisfactionFinch (2004) proposed that customer satisfaction with facilities is determined not only by technical performance, b ut also by an intricate set of exchange process, such as effective communication and management of expectations.Salleh and Abdul Ghani (2008) also mentioned that residential and neighbourhood satisfaction is an important indicator of housing quality and condition, which affects individuals quality of life. Besides that, according to the MSN Encarta Dictionary (2009), satisfaction means happiness with arrangement, which can refer to the happiness with the way that something has been arranged or done. On the other hand, Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009) defined satisfaction is the state of being satisfied and by the law, it is the payment of a debt of fulfilment of an obligation or claim. In addition, Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) further defines that satisfaction is a feeling of happiness or pleasure when someone gets something that they want, need or have demanded.2.1.1.2OccupantThe Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) defines occupants as someone who lives in a house, room etc. Meanwhile, MSN Encarta Dictionary (2009) defines occupant as a resident of a place. The Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009) further clarifies that occupant as a person who occupies a place at a given time. Besides that, according to the Laws of Malaysia (2007), occupier means the person in actual occupation of the building, but, in the case of premises for lodging purposes, does not include a lodger.2.1.1.3MaintenanceMaintenance is synonymous with controlling the condition of a building so that its pattern lies within specified regions as defined by Lee (White, 1969). The MSN Encarta Dictionary (2009) defines maintenance as the continuing repair work where work that is done regularly to keep a machine, building or piece of equipment in good condition and working order. Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009) further defines maintenance as the process of maintaining or being maintained. Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) also clarifies in depth that mai ntenance is the repairs, painting etc. that are necessary to keep something in good condition.In fact, Chanter and Swallow (1996) identified maintenance as actions that relate not only to the physical execution of maintenance work, but also those concerned with its initiation, financing and organisation, and the notion of an acceptable condition. This implies an understanding of the requirements for the effective usage of the building and its parts, which in turn compels broader consideration of building performance from the definition of BS3811 (1984), as it defines maintenance as a combination of any actions carried out to retain an item in, or restore it to an acceptable condition. Besides that, Singh (1996) further defined building maintenance as work undertaken in order to keep, restore or improve every facility, i.e. every part of a building, its services and surrounds to a currently accepted standard, and to sustain the utility and value of facility.2.1.1.4FaciltiesThe MSN En carta Dictionary (2009) defines facility as something with particular function, in which something is designed or created to provide a service or fulfil a need. Besides that, Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009) defines facility as a building, service, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose. Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) further defines facility as a place or building used for a particular activity or industry, or for providing a particular type of service.With these definitions explained from the dictionaries, facilities can be define as services or equipments provided to improve the effectiveness of a building. However, facilities are further clarified by the Charted Institute of Building (CIOB) with the definition that facilities management is an umbrella term under which a wide range of property and user related functions may be brought together for the benefit of the organisation and its employees as a whole (Flanagan et al., 1995). Meanwhile, A lexander (1996) mentioned in his paper that facilities management is first and foremost about organizational effectiveness.2.1.1.5CondominumThe House Buyers Association (2009) mentioned that the word condominium comes from the Latin word con which means together and dominium, meaning property. There are two parts in this type of property ownership. They are the ownership of the individual unit and joint ownership of the common property, in which the property is shared with other unit owners in the project. The MSN Encarta Dictionary (2009) defines condominium as an individually owned apartment, which is an individually owned unit of real estate, especially an apartment or town house, in a building or on land that is owned in common by the owners of the units. Meanwhile, the Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2009) further defines condominium as a building or complex containing a number of individually owned flats or houses. Longman English Dictionary Online (2009) later defines that condominium is one apartment in a building with several apartments, each of which is owned by the people living in it.2.2Maintenance In CondominiumFor the maintenance in condominium in Malaysia, there is an act that was specially gazetted on 12th April 2007 for the purpose of maintaining the condominium and its surrounding, together with the facilities available in the condominium. According to the Laws of Malaysia (2007), under the act 663 building and common property (maintenance and management) act 2007, the act is to provide for proper maintenance and management of building and common property, and for matters incidental thereto. Maintenance in the condominium comprises maintenance of all the common property area in the condominium.The building and common property (maintenance and management) act 2007 further defines common property as development area not comprised in any parcel, such as the structural elements of the building, stairs, stairways, fire escapes, entrances and ex its, corridors, lobbies, fixtures and fittings, lifts, refuse chutes, refuse bins, compounds, drains, water tanks, sewers, pipes, wires, cables and ducts that serve more than one parcel, the exterior of all common parts of the building, playing fields and recreational areas, driveways, car parks and parking areas, open spaces, landscape areas, walls and fences, and all other facilities and installations and any part of the land used or capable of being used or enjoyed in common by all the occupiers of the building.Charges which means any money collected by the owner, developer, Body or managing agent from the purchaser for the maintenance and management of the building or land intended for subdivision into parcels and common property, will be taken from the building maintenance account which is also known as building maintenance fund after the account is passed to the Joint Management Body (Laws of Malaysia, 2007).2.2.1Types of MaintenanceAccording to Gurjit Singh (1996), generally, maintenance management can be approached in the following waysCyclical maintenance this is maintenance for recurring items such as redecoration.Non-cyclical maintenance this will apply to the items identified in the condition survey and includes items that need major repairs and replacements.Planned preventive maintenance this is maintenance which is carried out on regular basis to prevent breakdowns. It has the advantage of predicting the loss of facility to the owner and down-time.Emergency maintenance this is maintenance which is carried out only when there is a breakdown. It is normally expensive and increases the amount of non productive time.Chanter and Swallow (1996) further explained the types of maintenance according to definitions given in BS 3811 and produced flow charts to summarise the types of maintenance and decision based types of maintenance as below(1)Planned maintenance This is maintenance organised and carried out with forethought, control and the use of record s to a predetermined plan.(2)Unplanned maintenance Ad hoc maintenance carried out to no predetermined plan.(3)Preventive maintenance Maintenance carried out at predetermined intervals, or corresponding to prescribed criteria, and intended to reduce the probability of failure, or the performance degradation of an item.(4)Corrective maintenance Maintenance carried out after failure has occurred, and intended to restore an item to a state in which it can perform its required function.(5)Emergency maintenance Maintenance which it is necessary to put in hand immediately to avoid serious consequences.(6)Condition based maintenance Preventive maintenance initiated as a result of knowledge of the condition of an item from routine or continuous monitoring.(7)Scheduled maintenance Preventive maintenance carried out to a pre determined interval of time, number of operations, mileage, etc.Figure 5Decision based types of maintenanceSource Chanter and Swallow (1996)2.2.2Maintenance FunctionMile s and Syagga (1987) mentioned that the function of maintenance can be divided into three groups. These three groups consist of cleaning and servicing, rectification and repair, and replacement. Both authors also added that cleaning and servicing should be carried out regularly and may be combined with a system of reporting faults, so that repairs can be carried out soon after faults become apparent, thereby avoiding the need for more expensive repairs or even replacement at a later stage.2.2.3Malaysias Report On Poor MaintenanceAccording to the report from National House Buyers Association (The Star, 2005), residents of Mount Karunmas Condominium fret over cracks in car park. Residents want the developer or maintenance company of the building to rectify the cracks that have appeared on the beams in the car park. Besides the cracks, there was a water leak from the extension joints which were connected to the slabs.In this case, the developer and the maintenance parties did not delive r their duty and responsibility well despites the complaints from the residents and had pin point each other to take hold of the work. In such case, the matter was brought to the press and the local council and the developer in the end stood up rectify the defects and mentioned that defects were only minor cracks.In another report regarding to maintenance, there was a statement stating that one of the many issues of public concern is how to develop a strong maintenance culture in Malaysia in the interest of public safety and convenience. There was also an addition stating that Malaysia is known as a country which prides itself on the provision of First World infrastructure but not in terms of its maintenance (The Star,24 June 2009)The Star (2009) also mentioned that poor maintenance of childrens playground can result in accidents and injuries. Besides that, poor maintenance of public buildings and infrastructures can also cause accidents, injuries and also flash floods when roads an d public drains are not properly maintained. (The Star, 24 June 2009)When maintenance are not done properly, image of the country is also not preserved as tourist would come to Malaysia to visit and this give a bad image to the country when maintenance are poorly done. According to the Star (24 June 2009) improving a countrys image is not only the responsibility of the Government but also the duty of each citizen who must be civic minded.According to the Star (7 May 2009) former squatters moved into the Putri Laksamana apartments in Batu Caves had to deal with poor maintenance, cracking tiles, water leakages, sewage problems and even snakes entering their houses for four years. According to Sundramoorthy Veerasamy (2009), when they moved into the apartment which comprises of 400 units, many of the units had cracked floor tiles and water leaking from the roof and pipes.There were also drainage and garbage problem, and even though the Selayang Municipal Council (MPS) promised to solv e the problem, it has been eight months since the problem have not been solved (Sundramoorthy Veerasamy, 2009). Sundramoorthy (2009) also mentioned that they are losing faith in the councillors and state government finding a solution. From this, Government should be able to come out with a solution to help these residents as they are also the citizens of Malaysia and deserve to live in a properly maintained place.Poor maintenance can also lead to criminal activities. According to the Star (7 May 2009) criminal activities like snatch thefts, break-ins, and motorcycle and car thefts are rampant there and drug addicts and pushers also haunt the area of the apartment. MPS councillor Gopalan Krishnan Rajoo (2009) also mentioned that because there is no Joint Management Body (JMB) for the apartment, it is difficult to solve the problems and residents were urged to form the JMB to bring up the residents problems so that they can be solved easily.From this report, it is shown that forming a JMB in a community is important to solve certain problems and that increase in poor maintenance also would increase the crime rate in the area.2.2.4Case Study of Poor MaintenanceAbdulmohsen Al Hammad, Sadi Assaf and Mansoor Al Shihah (1997) in their research which outlines the defects and faults during the design stage that affect building maintenance in Saudi Arabia and their relative degree of importance, came out with a table on the level of importance of design defects on building maintenance. The following tables show the result from the questionnaire done from their research on the defects.From the table above, the maintenance practicality and adequacy which is one of the defect groups rank the highest among the owners. When maintenance are not planned and done adequately, there will be defects and the defects will worsen causing the building to be not safe for the occupants and even aesthetically affected.2.3Facilties In CondominiumIn Malaysia, there are many types of faci lities available in a condominium. The National House Buyers Association (2009) mentioned that there are many facilities and services in a condominium, such as lifts, swimming pool, gym, tennis court, landscaped gardens and even security services. Further explanation was that these facilities and services are expensive to maintain. Facilities are actually one of the important key aspects which purchasers will look into when buying a condominium. This is because purchasers have to understand that they when purchasing a unit of the condominium, two things are bought.These two things are the individual unit and the common property which includes all the facilities available in the condominium. Nowadays, facilities play a big role in portraying the image of the condominium. Besides that, facilities available in a condominium also determine and set a standard to the condominium. This can be seen when the low end condominiums and high end condominiums are being compared. Types of facili ties available will be very different for both types of condominium, where the facilities in the high end condominiums are more and much better than those of low end condominiums.2.3.1Malaysias Report On FacilitiesNational House Buyers Association (The Star, 2008) reported that hairline cracks have appeared on pillars and car park areas of the Sri Gotong apartment block in Batu Caves for the past year. One of the occupants, Abd Rahman Suraiman, mentioned that the management company Benih Kencana Sdn. Bhd. Should act fast to prevent the situation from getting worse.According to Rahman, who is secretary of the Sri Gotong Apartment Batu Caves Pro tem Committee, the apartment was supposed to have condominium facilities like swimming pool, recreational area and sauna, but such facilities were lacking and the place was not properly maintained. Rahman also mentioned that the sauna room is locked, the gymnasium equipment is damaged and ever since he started staying there, one of the lift s stopped working and has yet to be repair.This report shows that lacking of facilities in a condominium will also cause dissatisfaction to the occupants. Thus, this kind of problem gives the condominium a bad image.In another report from the National House Buyers Association (The Star, 2004) stated that the local authorities are often hampered in their efforts to build sports facilities when developers, in fulfilling the requirement of providing open areas, allocate land that is too small or narrow. The report also added that local authorities wanted to provide more recreational facilities, especially in housing estates, but were unable to do so in some areas due to the lack of land. Developers would usually tell local authorities that they had carried out their responsibility by providing recreational through building playgrounds which are meant for younger children and this leaves teenagers without a proper place for recreation. According to the report, this could more likely cau se teenagers.Therefore, it is wise that the developers to allocate